Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm al-dīn
The Revival of the Religious Sciences (Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm al-dīn) is widely regarded as the greatest work of Muslim spirituality, and is perhaps the most read work in the Muslim world, after the Qurʾān.
The Revival of the Religious Sciences is divided into four parts, each containing ten chapters. Part one deals with knowledge and the requirements of faith—ritual purity, prayer, charity, fasting, pilgrimage, recitation of the Qurʾān, and so forth; part two concentrates on people and society—the manners related to eating, marriage, earning a living, and friendship; parts three and four are dedicated to the inner life of the soul and discuss first the vices that people must overcome in themselves and then the virtues that they must strive to achieve. Below we list the contents of the book, English translations, and links to printed editions in the original Arabic.
- For a listing of Arabic language printed editions you may follow this link here.
- Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm al-dīn: In Arabic MS word files with takhrīj (ḥadīth verification) by al-Ḥāfiẓ Zayn al-dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥīm b. al-Ḥussaīn al-ʿIrāqī (died Wednesday, 8th of shaʿbān (8) 806/ 2 February 1404 ) (in MS word files.) Overview of the Iḥyāʾ by Ḥājī Khalīfa (In Arabic)
Books of the Iḥyāʾ in translation:
First Quarter: Acts of worship (Rubʿ al-ʿibadāt)
- Book 1: Book of knowledge (Faris’ text)
- Book 2: Foundations of Belief.
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- Al-Ghazālī: The Principles of the Creed, Translated by Khalid Williams, Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae, 2016.
- English translation by N. A. Faris (in HTML and PDF). Review of the Faris translation by Watt (in 1964).
- Turkish Translation (PDF) 8.76 mb
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- Book 3: Mysteries of Purity.
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- Al-Ghazālī: The Mysteries of Purification, Translated by M. F. Aresmouk and M A. Fitzgerald, Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae, 2017.
- English translation by N. A. Faris (PDF). Also .doc format. –
- Turkish Translation (PDF) 4.76 megs. New English translation
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- Book 4: Mysteries of Worship.
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- Al-Ghazālī: The Mysteries of Prayer, Translated by M A. Fitzgerald, Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae, 2018.
- English translation by E. E. Caverley (also in PDF).
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- Book 5: Mysteries of Zakat (Charity).
- Book 6: Mysteries of Fasting.
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- Al-Ghazālī: The Mysteries of Charity and the Mysteries of Fasting, Translated by M A. Fitzgerald, Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae, 2018.
- English translation by N. A. Faris (PDF)
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- Book 7: Mysteries of Pilgrimage.
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- Al-Ghazālī: The Mysteries of Pilgrimage, Translated by M A. Fitzgerald, Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae, Forthcoming in 2019.
- English translation by I. Umar (AUC [Thesis 340]: 1975 M.A. dissertation) (html) (Author’s complete) Proof reading by S. Sharafi courtesy of Nur. Thank you both, you guys are great. (PDF) Also another Arabic edition, M. A. ʿAlī: PDF
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- Book 8: The Etiquette of the Recitation of the Qurʾān.
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- Al-Ghazālī: The Etiquette of the Recitation of the Qurʾān, Translated by James Pavlin, Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae, Forthcoming late 2021.
- Second English translation to be published as Al-Ghazali on Proper Conduct for the Recitation of the Qur’an Translated by: SHUAIB ALLY, Islamic Texts Society, Cambridge, TBD. Link description.
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- Book 9: Invocations and Supplications.
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- Al-Ghazālī: Invocations and Supplications, Translated by Khalid Williams, Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae, Forthcoming.
- English translation by K. Nakamura (ITS description).
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- Book 10: On the Arrangements of Litanies and the Exposition of the Night Vigil.
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- Al-Ghazālī: On the Arrangements of Litanies and the Exposition of the Night Vigil, Translated by Muhtar Holland and James Pavlin. Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae, Forthcoming.
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Second Quarter: Norms of Daily Life (Rubʿ al-ʿadat)
- Book 11: On the Manners Related to Eating. English translation by D. Johnson-Davies. (ITS description)
- Book 12: On the Etiquette of Marriage:
- Arabic original (Word file format only!) with ḥadīth verifications.
- English translation* by the late M. Farah. Also in PDF
- Partial English translation The Proper Conduct of Marriage in Islām (Ādāb an-Nikāḥ) Book Tweleve of Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm ad-Dīn by M. Holland: Al-Baz Publishing (1998), 99p.
- Persian translation (from Kimiya-i-Saʿadat) (Persian PDF)
- French translation (from Algiers) (French PDF)
- German translation: Hans Bauer: Al-Ghazālī. Das Buch der Ehe. Kitab adabi n-nikah. Das 12. Buch der Iḥyaʾ ʿulum ad-din. Übersetzt und kommentiert von Hans Bauer (Kandern, Spohr, 2005).
- Book 13: On the Etiquette of Acquisition and Earning a Livelihood. Translated as The Book of the Proprieties of Earning and Living, translated by Adi Setia, IBFIM , Kuala Lumpur, 2013, 187pp, ISBN: 9789670149288.
- Book 14: The Lawful and Prohibited (Translated)
- English translation by YUSUF TALAL DELORENZO published as al-Ghazālī on the Lawful and the Unlawful, Book XIV of the Revival of the Religious Sciences, Islamic Texts Society, Cambridge, 2014. Link description.
- English translation by Nicholas Mahdi Lock published as the Book of the Lawful and the Unlawful, IBFIM, Kuala Lumpur, 2013, 258pp, IBN: 9789670149271.
- Book 15: On the Duties of Brotherhood.
- forthcoming a complete English translation by James Pavlin, Fons Vitae, 2022.
- Partial translation by M. Holland. (cover-image) (Arabic edition partial outtakes PDF).
- Book 16: On the Etiquette of Seclusion.
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- forthcoming a complete English translation by James Pavlin, Fons Vitae, 2022.
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- Book 17: On the Etiquette of Travel
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- AL-GHAZALI ON CONDUCT IN TRAVEL Translated by: LEONARD LIBRANDE, Islamic Texts Society, Cambridge, 2015
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- Book 18: On Music and Singing.
- Forthcoming in English as AL-GHAZALI ON RESPONSES PROPER TO LISTENING TO MUSIC AND THE EXPERIENCE OF ECSTASY Book XVIII of the Revival of the Religious Sciences Translated by: ANTHONY H. JOHNS forthcoming ITS (link description)
- English translation by D. B. MacDonald in three parts (PDF) Part I + II + III, republished as Music and Singing by IBT Books, Kuala Lumpur, 2009, 139pp. ISBN: 9789675062230.
- Book 19: On Enjoining Good and Forbidding Evil.
- Al-Ghazālī: The Commanding of the Good and Forbidden of the Wrong, Translated by James Pavlin. Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae, Forthcoming, 2022.
- Partial translation in Michael Cook’s Commanding Right and Forbidding Wrong in Islamic Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 427-459.
- Book 20: Etiquette of Living and the Prophetic Mannerism:
- English translation by Dr. Adi Setia, Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae, published, 2019.
- (E-text) rtf (rich text file- word) or (PDF)
Third Quarter: The Ways to Perdition (Rubʾ al-muhlikat)
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- Book 21: The Marvels of the Heart:
- Complete English translation by W. J. Skellie (PhD thesis (PDF), Hartford Seminary—published edition (Fons Vitae March 2010). N.B. that Skellie translated the edition that was published by Zabidi in his commentary on the ihya’ which has slight variations from the standard Cairo edition. These have been restored in the Fons Vitae edition.
- Partial translation in Freedom and Fulfillment by McCarthy (Boston: Twayne, 1980), pp. 363–382; Reprinted (Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae, 1999), pp. 309–325;
- Partial translation in Knowledge of God in Classical Sufism by John Renard (New York: Paulist Press, 2004), pp. 298–326.
- Also published as Wonders of the Heart (Malaysia: IBT, 2007), without the complete translator’s introduction and notes; includes an index and publishers note.
- Book 22: On Disciplining the Soul. English translation by T. J. Winter (ITS description).
- Book 23: On Breaking the Two Desires.
- English translation by T. J. Winter. (ITS description)
- English translation by C. Farah. (HTML E-text) (PDF)
- Book 24: Defects of the Tongue
- English translation in progress
- Book 25: Condemnation of Rancor and Envy (Complete English translation in progress)
- Book 26: Condemnation of the World (English translation)
- Book 27: Condemnation of Miserliness and Condemnation of the Love of wealth. (English translation)
- Book 28: Condemnation of Status and Ostentation. (Complete English translation in progress) Translation of its Arabic Summary.
- Book 29: Condemnation of Pride and Conceit. (English translation by M. Rustom as: Al-Ghazālī On the Condemnation of Pride and Self-Admiration, Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, 2018. ITS description)
- Book 30: Condemnation of Self-Delusion. (Complete English translation in progress)
- Book 21: The Marvels of the Heart:
Fourth Quarter: The Ways to Salvation (Rubʿ al-munjiyat)
- Book 31: On Repentance.
- New English translation forthcoming
- English Translation by M. S. Stern. (E-text) (PDF) Also available in (unedited word file) Part I is now available in html.
- German translation: Books 31–36: Richard Gramlich, Muhammad al-Gazzālīs Lehre von den Stufen zur Gottesliebe : die Bücher 31-36 seines Hauptwerkes. Eingel., übers. u. komment. von Richard Gramlich (Wiesbaden, Steiner, 1984).
- Book 32: On Patience and Thankfulness.
- English translation by H. T. Littlejohn and published as Al-Ghazālī on Patience and Thankfulness, Book XXXII of the Revival of the Religious Sciences, Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, 2016. (ITS description).
- Book 33: On Fear and Hope.
- English translation
- English translation by W. McKane (E-text) (PDF ). Also in complete edited word file. reviewed by Watt in 1964. (pdf)
- Book 34: On Poverty and Abstinence.
- English translation by A. F. Shaker. Al-Ghazālī on Poverty and Abstinence Book XXXIV of the Revival of the Religious Sciences, Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, 2019. (ITS description)
- Book 35: Faith in Divine Unity and Trust in Divine Providence.
- English translation by D. Burrell. (Fons Vitae)
- German: Hans Wehr, Al-Gazzālī‘s Buch vom Gottvertrauen. Das 35. Buch des Ihyaʾ ʿulum ad-dīn. Übers. u. mit Einl. u. Anm. vers. v. Hans Wehr. Halle: Niemeyer, 1940.
- Book 36: On Love, Longing, Intimacy and Contentment.
- English Translation by Eric Ormsby, published as Al-Ghazālī on Love, Longing, Intimacy and Contentment, Book XXXVI of the Revival of the Religious Sciences, Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, 2012, ITS description).
- For German see above #31.
- Book 37: On Intention, Sincerity, and Truth.
- Edited Arabic PDF. Edited Arabic MS word.
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- English translation by Anthony F. Shaker and published as Al-Ghazali on Intention, Sincerity & Truthfulness Book XXXVII of the Revival of the Religious Sciences, Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, 2014. (ITS description).
- German translation by Hans Bauer, Islamische Ethik. Nach den Orignalquellen übersetzt und erläutert. Heft 1: Über Intention, Reine Absicht und Wahrhaftigkeit. (das 37. Buch von Al-Ġazālī) (pdf )
- Book 38: On Holding Vigil and Self-Examination.
- English translation by: Anthony F. Shaker and published as Al-Ghazālī on Vigilance and Self-examination, Book XXXVIII of the Revival of the Religious Sciences, Cambridge, 2015 Islamic Texts Society
- Book 39: On Meditation.
- English translation published as Al-Ghazali: The Book of Contemplation (Book 39 of The Revival of the Religious Sciences) Translated by Muhammad Isa Waley. Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae, 2021.
- Book 40: On the Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife.
- English translation by T. J. Winter and published as Al-Ghazālī on the Remembrance of Death & the Afterlife Book XL of the Revival of the Religious Sciences, Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, 1989, 2nd ed. 2015. (ITS description) Sample of the book. (PDF) courtesy of the publisher.
- Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife. (E-text)
- Printed Editions: A link with details on at least fourteen (14) printed editions including the most recent editions printed in the twenty first century follow this page.
- Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm al-Dīn was first printed at Būlāq, 1269/1853 followed by a lithograph in India in 1863, then in 1894 on the margins of its commentary which is one of the most reliable editions to date. In the 25 Spetember 1939 Cairo edition by the Ḥalabī press it was edited by a committee of scholars headed by the Azhari scholar Aḥmad saʿad ʿAlī it was printed with the now standard addendum and marginal text of al-ʿIrāqī. All later publishers would follow suit with few modern exceptions.
- al-Ghazālī. Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm al-Dīn. Cairo: Lajnat Nashr al-Thaqāfa al-Islāmiyya, 1356–57 (1937–38). This is the edition that the Dār al-Shaʿab based their editon on. It has been recreated here with the pagination in red on the pdf files. Thanks is due to Prof. Frank Griffel for this information, his help in recreating this edition and providing the scans of the missing pages. Do note that this is a very readable and an accurate edition that is used for scholarly work.
- SUMMARIES: There are many summaries of the Iḥyāʾ, though only a handful are published; the others remain in manuscript form. For more information about the summaries of the Iḥyāʾ in Arabic, see this short article (Arabic html).
- Summary by Aḥmad al-Ghazālī (pdf) Lubāb al-iḥyāʾ, published as Mukhtaṣar Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm al-dīn. The publisher claims that it is by Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī, though I believe this is incorrect. (PDF). This book has been translated into English: Imam Al-Ghazālī Mukhtaṣar iḥyāʾ ʿulūm ad-dīn translated from the Arabic, and annotated by Marwan Khalaf. Lympia/Nikosia, Cyprus: SPOHR, 2014.
- The Iḥyāʾ was summarized in a book entitled Minhaj al-qaṣidīn by Ibn al-Jawzī (d. 597 AH/1201 CE), (PDF1, PDF2) which was further summarized in Mukhtaṣar minhāj al-qaṣidin by Ibn Qudāma al-Maqdisī (d. 620 AH/1341 CE). (link Arabic HTML). This book has been widely distributed and reprinted several times, one of which by Dār al-Khayr, Damascus, 1998; with ḥadīth verification by M. W. Salman and A. A. H. Abulkhair (PDF) also other editions are available: ʿA. Ḥ. M. Darwish edition:PDF, S. ʿĀref edition: PDF, ʿA. Ḥ. ʿA. Ḥalabī edition: PDF, and ʿA. Q. al-ʾArnāouṭ edition: PDF, and Z. Shāwīsh edition: PDF)
- Tahdhīb mūʿaẓat al-mūʾminīn, Jamāl al-Dīn al-Qāsimiī n.p. n.d. Note that he also did a sumarry of Qūt al-Qulūb (PDF), (PDF) .
- Modern summary of the Iḥyāʾ comes from Saliḥ Aḥmad al-Shāmī, al-Muhadhab min iḥyaʾ ʿulum al-dīn, 2 vols. (Beirut: Dār al-Qalam, 1993). Sample translation (link) Also another edtion is available from Dār ibn al-Qayīm: PDF. This is an admirable attempt that closely follows the structure of the original book.
- The late Saʿid Ḥawwa (d. 1989) wrote a summary for a training curriculum: al-Mustakhlaṣ fī tazkiyat al-anfus (Cairo: Dar al-Salam, 1984). (PDF) The author/activist was a prolific writer.
- COMMENTARY: A commentary (sharḥ) of al-Iḥyaʾ by Murtaḍā al-Zabīdī’s [d. 1791] Itḥaf al-sada al-muttaqīn bi sharḥ iḥyāʾ ʿulum al-dīn, printed in Cairo 1894 in 10 large volumes. This work is still in print in facsimiles of this edition as well as well as an unreliable DKI edition. Note that the link provided is for the complete 1894 edition. (download page)
- Defense: As many were critical of al-Ghazālī there were as many if not more who rallied to his defense:
- In his own defense, al-Ghazālī wrote: al-Imlāʾ fī ishkalat al-iḥyāʾ (Notes on issues of the Iḥyāʾ) printed as an appendix in some editions of the Iḥyāʾ (pdf)
- ʿAbd al-Qādir al-ʿAydrūs, Taʿarif al-aḥyāʾ bi faḍʾil al-iḥyāʾ (Introducing the living to the benefits of the Iḥyāʾ) printed as an appendix in some editions of the Iḥyāʾ (pdf). Note the pun in the title, which is, of course, intentional.
- al-Suyūṭī, Tashyad al-ʾarkān fī laysa fī al-imkan ʾabdaʿ mimā kān (Fortifying the foundations of [the statement] “the best of all possible worlds” ) printed as an appendix in some editions of the Iḥyāʾ (PDF). Note also this work was the basis of a study done in Theodicy in Islamic Thought: The Dispute over Al-Ghazālī’s “Best of All Possible Worlds” by Eric L. Ormsby (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984).
- Unknown author: Risala fi bayan faḍil iḥyāʾ ʿulum al-dīn (mss in al-Azhar number 1956 [majami 91] folios 76-86).
- Unknown author: Risāla fī al-rad ʿala min ʿatraḍa ʿala al-ghazālī fī qawlihi ana al-musabibāt ratabat ʿala al-ʾasbāb (mss in Dār al-Kutub al-miṣriyya [majāmīʿ 210])
- Refutations: The Iḥyāʾ has generated some heated discussions mostly revolving around the traditions that al-Ghazālī included.
- Ibn al-Jawzī (d. 597 AH) iʿlam al-aḥyaʾ bi aghlat al-iḥyāʾ (not printed and no known mss copies)
- al-Dhahabi mentioned that Abū al-Ḥasan b. Sukar wrote Iḥyāʾ mayit al-aḥya fi al-rad ʿala kitab al-iḥyāʾ (not printed and no known mss copies)
- Aḥmad b. Munir al-Iskandarī (d. 1284) wrote al-Ḍiyaʾal-mutalali fi taʿqub al-iḥyāʾ lil ghazālī as mentioned by Zabīdī (in commentary above) vol. 1. p .33, ln 10) (not printed and no known mss copies)
- A Shiʿa ‘recension’: under the title: al-Maḥajjah al-bayḍā’ fī tahdhīb al-Iḥyāʾ by Muḥammad b. al-Murtaḍa al-madʿū bi-al-Mawla Muḥsin al-Kāshānī (d. 1681) Thanks to Prof. Alger for referring to this book in his monograph on Ghazali. (PDF)
- Fatawas (judicial decrees) by scholars and these are too many list or know but Ibn Taymiyya is known to have written one as well as al-Ṭarṭushi. Even in modern times there have been fatwās issued by Saudi ʿulamāʾ. A typical critique along those lines is by ʿA. R. Dimashqīya: PDF.
Miscellaneous:
- E-pub Version of the Arabic Text of the Iḥyāʾ
- Shamela version of the Iḥyāʾ(link) – Shamela version (online)
- List of Personalities mentioned in the Iḥyāʾ. (redone!)
- Islamic Text Society: Al-Ghazālī Series (link)
- Translations from Fons Vitae. (website and navigate to Ghazali section)
- Turkish translation of the Iḥyāʾ.
- Urdu translation of the Iḥyāʾ (link)
- Sufi Review of Iḥyāʾ (link)
- Mawlana Fazil Karim’s Summarized English translation from the Urdu translation. (online)
Manuscripts:
A growing number of Arabic manuscripts are now available online.
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- King Saud University manuscript collection. A link to one such ms copied in 12th cen AH by ʿA. A. Kanānī, a partial ms. More manuscripts are available here: link2, link3, link4, link5, link6, link7, link8, link9, and a summary here, Mukhtaṣar Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm al-dīn: link10.
- Princeton University Library, has a complete copy of the ihya but it is not available online yet, we can hope. N.B. Princeton is changing where it puts its manuscripts and is migrating to a new site.
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- Illuminated manuscript. (scanned from the Tunisian National Archives).
- Manuscripts from Turkey. (list).
- List of Iḥyāʾ manuscripts from Badawi (Arabic word file with minor additions in red), original entry in PDF