APPENDIX

PERSONS CITED IN TEXT - EXCLUDING
PROPHETS

AL-`ABBAS ibn `Abd al-Muttalib (d. 32 [652/3])-61, 63, 69. The uncle of the Prophet, before whom he was born, it is sometimes said, by two years. An important personality at Mecca, he held the ancient office of providing water (siqaya) to the pilgrims. While always tolerant of his nephew's cause, he joined it only upon the conquest of Mecca in 8 Ax. (E12,1. 8-9 [W. Montgomery Watt]; Isaba, II. 263.)
`ABD ALLAH IBN `ABBAS-77. See 'Ibn `Abbas'.
`ABD ALLAH IBN `AMR IBN AL `AS (d. c 65 [684/5])-128, 131, 243, 256. A Companion of the Prophet, and an authority on the Tradition. He was celebrated for his austere lifestyle, which he was enjoined by the Prophet to temper. (Nawawi, Tahdhib, 361-2.)	-
`ABD ALLAH IBN MAS`UD-243. See `Ibn Mas`ud'.
`ABD ALLAH IBN AL-MUBARAK ibn Wadih al-Hanzafi
(d. 181 [797/8])-89, 164. An influential saint and scholar of the
Law. Originally of Merv in Central Asia, he travelled to study with Malik ibn Anas in Medina and al-Awza i in Syria before he died in combat against the Byzantines. His works on renunciation and the Holy War have been published and are still popular. (GALS, 1. 256; Safadi, XV11. 419-20; Abu Nu`aym, viii. 162-91; `Attar, 124-8.)
`ABD ALLAH IBN RAWAHA al-Khazraji (d. 8 [629])-131. An early Medinese convert chiefly remembered for his heroism at the battle of Mu'ta, where, after assuming the command after the deaths of Zayd ibn Haritha and Ja`far ibn Abi Talib, he too joined the ranks of the martyrs. (E12, 1. 5o-1 [A. Schaade]; Isaba, n. 298-9.)
`ABD ALLAH IBN SALAM ibn al-Harith al-Qaynuga i (d. 43 [663/4])-81. Said to have been a rabbi of aristocratic stock before converting to Islam, he is credited with a large corpus of Judaic tales, many of which are to be found in al-Tabari s commentary on the Qur'an. He participated in the conquest of Syria and Palestine, but died in Medina. (E12, I. 52 [J. Horovitz]; Isaba, II. 312-3.)
`ABD ALLAH IBN SUMAYT (d. 181 [797/8])-21. A respected traditionist of Basra. (Zabidi, X. 242.)
`ABD ALLAH IBN THA`LABA al-`Udhri (d. c 87 [7o5/6])-23. A Follower (tabi`i), and a 'weeper' (bakka'), whose tears are said to have left permanent marks on his cheeks. A pupil of Ibn `Umar and Abu Hurayra in hadith, he left a number of sayings on the subject of death. (Kdshif, It. 68; Abu Nu`aym, Vi. 245-6; Safadi, XVII. 99.)
`ABD ALLAH IBN `UBAYD IBN `UMAYR al-Laythi (d. 113 [731/2])-135. An early ascetic and renowned preacher of Mecca, as well as a highly-regarded traditionist who studied under Ibn
`Abbas. (Mashahir, 83; Abu Nu`aym, III. 354-9; Safadi, xvii.
304-5.)
`ABD ALLAH IBN `UMAR-15, 29, 79, 182, 245. See 'Ibn `Umar'.
`ABD ALLAH IBN ZAM`A ibn al-Aswad ibn al-Muttalib alQurashi (d. c 35 [655/6])-64, 65. A Companion, and a prolific narrator of Traditions. His father is said to have died with the idolators at the battle of Badr. (Isaba, 11. 303-4; Isti ab, ii. 298-300.)
`ABD ALLAH AL-ZARRAD-I59. Possibly `Abd Allah ibn Aban al-Zarrad, a traditionist who died in 287 (goo/I) at Baghdad. (Tarikh Baghdad, IX. 421.)
`ABD AL-MALIK IBN MARWAN (regn. 65-86 [685-705])86-7. The fifth Umayyad caliph, remembered for administrative reforms and a number of successful campaigns against the Kharijite rebels and Byzantine encroachment.
CABD AL-RAHMAN IBN AL-`ALA' IBN AL-LAJLAJ-I17.
Appendix
A traditionist of Aleppo, whose father was also a respected scholar. (Kash f II. I6o.)
`ABD AL-RAHMAN ibn Abi Bakr al-Qurashi (d. c 54 [673/4]) -61, 112. The elder son of Abu Bakr, he participated in his father's campaign in the Yamama, where he acquired some fame
as an archer. (Isaba, II. 399-40!; Isti ab, II. 391-4.)
`ABD AL-RAHMAN IBN `AWF al-Qurashi (d. 31 [652])-77, 8o. One of the first to respond to the Prophet's call in Mecca, he took part in the migration to Abyssinia. A wealthy merchant, he donated huge sums in charity, and was one of the council of six nominated by `Umar to choose his successor, as well as being one of the ten men assured of Heaven by the Prophet while they still lived. (EI2, 1. 84 [M.Th. Houtsma-W. Montgomery Watt]; Isaba, II. 408-10.)
`ABD AL-RAHMAN IBN YOSUF-22. Unidentified: many figures with this name are recorded.
`ABD AL-WAHID IBN ZAYD (d. c 177 [793/4])-157. A companion of al-Hasan al-Basri and al-Darani chiefly remembered for the importance which he attached to solitude. According to Abu Nu`aym, he was partially paralysed, from which affliction he was released only at the time of prayer. (Abu
Nu`aym, VI. 155-65; Bidaya, x. 171; Massignon, Essai, 194.)
ABU'L-`ABBAS IBN `ATA' (d. c 309 [921/2])-93. A Sufi of Baghdad and a companion of al Junayd. He is said to have written a number of works, but these are now lost. (Sulami, 26o-8.)
ABU'L-'ABBAS AL-DTNAWART (d. C 340 [951/2])-91. A Sufi who preached at Nisabur and Samarqand. He was a companion of al Jurayri and Abu Said al-Kharraz. (Sulami, 500-4; Abu Nu`aym, x. 383.)
ABO `ALT AL-RODHBART (d. 322 [933/4])-91. The well
known Sufi of Baghdad, who also spent time in Egypt. He was associated with the circle of al Junayd and al-Nuri. He was also a hadith scholar and a jurist who studied under Ibr-shim al-Harbi. (Qushayri, 1. 185-6; Sulami, 362-9; Tar kh Baghdad, I. 329-33.)

ABU 'AMP, IBN AL-'ALA' ibn `Ammar al-Mazini (d. 154 [77o/I])-98. A traditionist of Basra, who was also an authority on Arabic grammar. (Mashahir, 153-4.)
ABU ASH`ATH-I1. Identified by Zabidi (x. 231) as a traditionist by the name of Ibn `Abd al-Malik al-Hamrani.
ABU AYYUB AL-ANSARI, Khalid ibn Zayd al-Najjari (d. c 52 [672])-132. One of the first Medinese Muslims, present at the first 'Pledge of al-'Aqaba' and host to the Prophet before the construction of the latter's house. In later years he was the caliph `Ali's governor over Medina, and died during a seige of Constantinople. His tomb remains to this day the spiritual hub of Istanbul. (EI2, I. 1o8-9 [E. Levi-Provencal et al.]; Isdba, 1. 404-5.)
ABU BAKR AL-KATTANT 162. See 'al-KattanL'
ABU BAKR IBN `ABD ALLAH AL-MAZANI-114. A mistake for Bakr ibn `Abd Allah al-Mazani, for whom see s.v.
ABU BAKR IBN ABI MARYAM al-Ghassani (d. 256 [868/9]) -167. A prolific narrator of Tradition sometimes cited by alTirmidhi, although generally considered to be unreliable (4a`). A well-known ascetic, who lived and taught at Hims (Syria). (Abu Nu`aym, vi. 88-91; Du`afa', 262; Safadi, x. 230.)
ABU BAKR AL-RASHIDI-166. A jurist of Nisabur. (Zabidi, x. 438.)
ABU BAKR AL-SIDDIQ ibn Abi Quhafa al-Taymi (d. 13 [6341)-24, 60, 61, 63, 64, 69, 70, 71-3, 74-7, 81, 82, 114, 158, 159, 163, 185, 237, 243. A small businessman of Mecca who personally accompanied the Prophet on his emigration to Medina, Abu Bakr became the Prophet's closest advisor, and after his death became the first caliph. His short reign (11/632-13/634) saw the quelling of an uprising in Central Arabia and the beginnings of the conquest of Iraq and Palestine. (EI2, 1. 109-11 1 [W. Montgomery Watt].)
ABU BURDA ibn Abi Musa al-Ash`ari (d. 104 [722/3])-260. A traditionist and chief judge of Kufa in the reign of `Abd al-Malik, from which post he was dismissed by al-Hajjaj. (Mashahir, 104;
Biddya, IX. 231; E12, I. 693-4 [J. Schacht].)
Appendix
ABU'L-DARDA', `Uwaymir al-Khazraji (d. 32 [652/3])-14, 102, 128, 131, 225, 243, 260. A celebrated Companion of the Prophet who joined Islam sometime after the battle of Badr, whereupon he is said to have given up commerce in order to occupy himself with worship with the ahl a1-Suffa. He was one of those who gathered together the text of the Qur'an during the Prophet's lifetime. He died in Damascus, where he was buried, and is venerated in particular by the Sufis (EI2, 1. 113-4 [A. Jeffery]; Abu Nu`aym, 1. 208-27.)
ABU DHARR, Jundub ibn Junada al-Ghif`ar7 (d. c 32 [652/3])102, 112, 200, 218, 259. One of the earliest Muslims, his shyness and devout temperament made him the protagonist of a rich variety of legendary material. He also transmitted a large number of Traditions: al-Bukhari and Muslim between them include thirty-one of these. (E12, 1. 114-5 [J. Robson]; Massignon, Essai, 158-9; Isti db, iv. 62-5.)
ABU HASHIM AL-RUMMANI-19. Possibly to be identified with Abu Hashiln Yahya al-Zummani, a highly-regarded tradi
tionist of Wasit, who died in 122 (739/40). (Zabidi, x. 241; Kashif, Ill. 341.)	-
ABU HATIM AL-RAZI, Muhammad ibn Idris al-Hanzali (d. 277 [89o/i])-164. A respected scholar with a fine memory who taught Ibrahim al-Harbi and Ibn Abi'l-Dunya in Baghdad.
(Bidaya, x1. S9; Tdrfkh Baghddd, II. 73-8.)
ABU HAZIM, Salama ibn Dinar al-Madani (d. 140 [757/81)86. An ascetic who became an important figure for the early Sufis. 'Everything which does not bring you to God', he said, 'can only bring you to destruction'. (GAS, 1. 634-5; Mashahir, 79; Abu Nu`aym, 111. 229-59.)
ABU HURAYRA al-Dawsi al-Yamani (d. c 58 [677/8])32, 43, 46, 48, 97, 114, 120, 127, 131, 137, 138, 144, 146, 179, 180, 191, 199, 200, 212, 222, 224, 226, 234, 240, 249. One of the most copious narrators of Tradition, and also a model of poverty and the fear of God's chastisement. He is said to have joined Islam during the Khaybar expedition (7/629); after which he became one of the ahl a!-Suffa. After the Prophet's death he was appointed governor of Bahrayn by `Umar. (Azami, 35-7; EI2, 1. 129 [J. Robson]; Isaba, iv. 200-8.)
ABU JA`FAR-73. See 'Muhammad ibn `Ali.'
ABU JA`FAR AL-SAYDALANT 16o. A Sufi of Baghdad, a companion of al-Sarraj and a spiritual instructor of Ibn al A`rabi. He spent many years in Mecca. (Tarikh Baghdad, XIV. 416.)
ABU LAHAB, `Abd al-`Uzza ibn `Abd al-Muttalib (d. 2 [623/ 4J)-157. A patrician of Mecca who became one of the leading persecutors of the Prophet when he made his mission public. His sons, `Utba and Mu`attib eventually joined Islam. (EI2, I. 136-7 [W. Montgomery Watt].)
ABU LU'LU'A (d. 23 [644])-77. A slave who killed the Caliph `Umar, whom, he believed, had failed to rectify a tax grievance. (Cf, e.g., Ibn A`tham, 11. 83-6.)
ABU MUHAMMAD IBN `ALT-23. Unidentified.
ABU MUSA AL-ASH`ART, `Abd Allah ibn Qays (d. C 42 [662/ 3])-34, 260. Abu Musa joined Islam during the Khaybar campaign. During the caliphate of `Umar he was responsible for the conquest of Khuzistan, and was made governor of Basra. Later he became `Ali s representative at the arbitration following the battle of Si f-n (37/6S7), after which he took no further part in public life. (E12, 1. 695-6 [L. Veccia Vaglieri].)
ABU MOSA AL-TAMIMI-1o5. A traditionist of Basra. (Zabidi, X. 355.)
ABU QAYS, `Abd al-Rahman ibn Thabit (d. 54 [673/4])-127. A mawla of `Amr ibn al `As, he transmitted Traditions from `Amr and Umm Salama; he is also reported to have been well versed in flgh. (Kashif, III. 326.)
ABU QILABA-118. Probably `Abd Allah ibn Zayd al Jarmi, (d. 104 [722/3]), a traditionist of Basra, who is said to have fled to Syria to escape being made a judge. He is said to have known the caliph `Umar 11 and `Anbasa ibn Said. (Safadi, XVII. 185; Azami, 63; Mashahir, 89.)
Appendix
ABU SAID AL-KHARRAZ, Ahmad ibn Isa (d. 277 [890/ I])-9o, 91, 143, 163. An important Sufi who, according to Hujwiri, was `the first to explain the doctrine of annihilation (fang') and subsistence (baqa').' He was a close companion of Dhu'l-Nun, Bishr al-Hafi, and al-Sari al-Sagati, and was renowned for the emphasis he placed on `ishq, the passionate love of God, and upon the scrupulous observance of the Law. (Sulami, 223-8; Hujwiri', 143, Quit ayri, I. 140; GAS, 1. 646.)
ABU SAID AL-KHUDRI, Sad ibn Malik al-Khazraji (d. c 64 [683/4] or 74 [693/4])-15, 48, 132, 207, 224, 237, 242, 244, 247, 257. A Companion who was considered too young to participate in the battle of Uhud, in which his father was killed. He related a large corpus of hadiths to Ibn `Abbas and Said ibn al-Musayyib, and was buried in Medina. (Isaba, 11. 32-3; Nawawi, Tahdhib,
723-4.)
ABU SAID AL-SAFFAR-166. Unidentified.
ABU SAID AL-SHAHHAM-166. A Sufi of the circle of alQushayri (who died 465 [1072]). (Zabidi, X. 438.)
ABU SINAN, Dirar ibn Murra al-Shaybani (d. 132 [749-50])1 to. One of the 'weepers' (bakka'un), who is recorded as having achieved sanctity through serving his family. A respected traditionist of Kufa. (Abu Nu`aym, v. 91-4; Mashahir, 164; Kashif, II. 34.)
ABU SULAYMAN AL-DARANT, `Abd al-Rahman (d. 205 [820/1] or 215 [830/1])-12, 92, 162. Well-known to the Sufis for his piety and renunciation, he was responsible for characteristic maxims such as 'The heart is ruined when fear departs from it even for one moment', and 'The sign of perdition is the dryingup of tears'. (Qushayri, 1. 96-8; Sulami, 68-73; Hujwiri, 112-3; Abu Nu`aym, IX. 254-80.)
ABU `UBAYDA AL-NAJI, Bakr ibn al-Aswad (d. c 170 [786/ 7])-35. An ascetic, and a traditionist usually considered to be unreliable. (Safadi, x. 202; Du`afa', 261.)
ABU UMAMA, As`ad ibn Sahl ibn Hanif al-Najjari (d. 100  [718/9])-114. An early Muslim who is sometimes held to have been a Companion of the Prophet. (Isaba, IV. 10; Mashahir, 28.)
ABU UMAMA AL-BAHILI, Sudayy ibn `Ajlan (d. 81 [700/1] or 86 [705/6])-116, 226, 239, 246. A companion of the Prophet who related a large number of Traditions. He was sent to certain of the desert tribes, and won many converts with the aid of miracles. He later removed to Hims; according to Ibn `Uyayna he was the last Companion of the Prophet to die in Syria. (Isaba, ii. 175-6; Isti ab, Iv. 4; Mashahir, 5o.)
ABU `UMAR SAHIB AL-SUQYA-I3o. Unidentified. ABU YAHYA AL-MAZANI-95. Unidentified.
ABU YA`QUB AL-QARI' AL-DAQIQI-167. Unidentified.
ABU ZAKARIYA AL-TAYMT, Yahya (d. 200 [815/6])-21. Born in Kufa, this traditionist and Qur'anic exegete travelled to Basra, Egypt and North Africa, dying in Mecca on pilgrimage.
(GAS, 1. 39.)
AHMAD IBN ABI'L-HAWART, Abu'l-Hasan (d. C 230 [844/ 5])-162. An early Syrian exponent of Sufism, a disciple of alDarani and a companion of Ibn `Uyayna. He. is said to have thrown away his books and lived the life of a wandering ascetic. (Hujwiri, 118-9; Qushayri, 1. 117; Sulami, 88-92.)
AHMAD IBN HANBAL (d. 241 1855])-117. The great hadith scholar after whom the Hanbali school of law is named. He travelled extensively in search of Traditions, of which he is said to have committed over three hundred thousand to memory. A companion of Bishr al-Haft and Ma`ruf al-Karkhi, he was held in high regard by the Sufis, who attribute a number of miracles to him. His tomb became one of the most frequented centres of pilgrimage in Baghdad. (E12,1. 272-7 [H. Laoust]; Abu Nu`aym, ix. 161-234; Hujwiri, 117-8.)
AHMAD IBN HARB al-Marwazi (d. 2341848/91)-104,23o. A traditionist who studied under Ibn `Uyayna and Abu Daud alTayalisi, and who was sometimes accused of sympathy with the Murji'ite heresy. (Tarikh Baghdad, IV. 118-9; `Attar, 146-9.)
Appendix
AHMAD IBN KHIDRAWAYHI (d. 240 [854/5])-95. A prominent Khurasani Sufi, born in Balkh, who lived and taught at Merv, where he died at the age of 95. He was a disciple of Hatim al-Asamm and a companion of Abu Turab al-Nak_hshabi. (Sulami, 93-7; Qushayri, 1. 115-6; Safadi, VI. 373.)
`A'ISHA bint Abi Bakr (d. 58 [678])-9, 11, 40, S9, 6o, 61, 64, 65, 66, 67, 73, 74, 79, 112, 119, 129, 146, 196. The third and most beloved wife of the Prophet. During his final illness he asked his other wives for leave to stay in her house, where he died. After his death she was involved in the revolt of Talha and al-Zubayr against the caliph `Ali, after which she lived quietly at Medina until she died. She was well-versed in Arab history and in poetry, and some of her verses have been preserved. (EI2, I. 307-8 [W. Montgomery Watt].)
AL-`ALA' IBN ZIYAD ibn Matar al-`Adawi (d. 94 [712/3])16o. An early ascetic of Basra, who remained solitary all his life, only going out to the mosque, or to funerals or to visit the sick. He had a vision in which the world appeared to him in the shape of a misshapen hag wearing fine jewellery. (Mashahir, 9o; Abu Nucaym, 11. 242-9; Kashif, II. 309.)
`ALT IBN ABT TALIB (d. 40 [66o])-I5, 41, 61, 68, 73, 8o, 81, 83-4, 101, 112, 127, 157, 158, 222. The cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet, having married his daughter Fatima. He was usually the Prophet's standard-bearer on expeditions, and became the model of the Muslim knight for later generations. He lived a life of austerity and piety. Upon the death of `Uthman (35/656) he accepted, with some reluctance, the office of Caliph, which he held for five years disturbed by several rebellions, including that of Mu`awiya, the governor of Syria. He was assassinated at Kufa by a member of the extreme Kharijite sect, which repudiated him for having agreed to negotiate with Mu`awiya. (EI2, I. 381-6 [L. Veccia Vaglierij; Isti ab, III. 26-67.)
`ALT IBN `ASIM ibn Suhayb al-Wasiti (d. tot [816/7])-I68. A traditionist who taught at Baghdad. Although considered unreliable by some authorities, a number of his hadfths are to be found in the Musnad of Ibn Hanbal. (Tarfkh Baghdad, XI. 446-58; Azami, 119-2o; Bidaya, x. 248.)

`ALT IBN MOSA AL-HADDAD-i 17. Unidentified. `ALT AL-TALHI-I61. Unidentified.
`ALQAMA ibn Qays al-Nakha `1 (d. c 62 [681/2])-127. A pupil of Ibn Mas`ud, who called him the most erudite of his disciples. He also related traditions from `Ali, Sa`d ibn Abi Wagga~ and `Uthman. (Tarikh Bag dad, xII. 296; Abu Nu`aym, II. 98-102; GAS, 1. 398.)
AL-A`MASH, Sulayman ibn Mihran al-Asadi (d. 147 [764/5])55, 98, 226. A Qur'an specialist of Persian origin who studied under Mujahid at Kufa. One of the fourteen canonical readings of the Qur'an bears his name. In addition, Sufyan al-Thawri and Ibn cUyayna both studied hadith under him. (Azami, 101-2; Tarikh Baghdad, Ix. 3-13; Mashahir, 111. EI2, 1. 431 [C. Brockelmann[Ch. Pellat]].)
AMINA BINT WAHB al-Zuhriya (d. c 575 AD)-101, 157. The mother of the Prophet, she died when he was about six. She was probably buried at a place known as al-Abwa' between Mecca and Medina. The historians record a number of miracles surrounding her pregnancy and the Prophet's birth. (E12, I. 438 [W. Montgomery Watt].)
`AMIR IBN `ABD ALLAH ibn al-Zubayr ibn al-`Awwam (d. 121 [738/9])-33. An ascetic of Medina, who is recorded as having kept his hands raised in supplication between the night and morning prayers. He is said to have died in prayer. He also transmitted a number of Traditions which are recorded by both al-Bukhari and Muslim. (Safadi, xvi. 589; Kdshif, n. 51; Abu Nu`aym, 111. 166-8.)
`AMIR IBN `ABD AL-QAYS (d. C 41-6o [661-8o])-89. A tabi`i of Basra who died at Damascus, where he had become famous for his austere and eloquent sermons. A number of miracles are recorded of him-he is said to have lived in the desert where wild beasts came tamely to him. He was also known for his charity towards orphans. These and other aspects of his life are often cited by the Sufis. (Abu Nucaym, 11. 87-95; Safadi, xvi. 585-6; Ibn Marthad, 37-8.)
Appendix
`AMR IBN AL `AS al-Sahmi (d. 42 [663/4])-88, 102, 211. A Companion of the Prophet and a politician and general of great skill. To him goes the credit for the conquest of Palestine (12 [633]) and Egypt (19-21 [640-2]), where he founded the city of Fustat, which was to grow into Cairo. He sided with Mu`awiya at the battle of Siffn, and represented him at the arbitration which followed. (E12, 1. 451 [A. J. Wensinck].)
`AMR IBN DINAR al Jumahi (d. 126 [743/4])-i3o. A scholar of the Law in Mecca, where he learnt the recitation of the Qur'an and a number of Traditions from Ibn `Abbas. (Mashahir, 84; Abu
Nu`aym, III. 347-54; Ghaya, j. 6oo-I.)
`AMR IBN HAZM AL-ANSART al-Khazraji (d. 51 [671/2])259. A Companion who distinguished himself in the 'Battle of the Trench', and who became the Prophet's governor of Najran. A number of hadiths are related on his authority by al-Nasai. (Isaba, II. 525; KQsh f, II. 282.)
`AMR IBN MAYMUN al-Awdi (d. c 74 [693/4])-77. A 'Follower' who was present at the murder of `Umar, and who later moved to Kufa. He transmitted a number of hadiths which have been recorded by al-Bukhari, and was much given to devotional practices. (Mashahir, 99; Abu Nucaym, iv. 148-54; KQsh f II. 296.)
ANAS ibn Malik ibn al-Nadr (d. 91-3 [709/Io--711/2])-Io, 17, 114, 119, 127, 146, 192, 196, 202, 209, 215, 224, 228, 244, 246. A celebrated Companion of the Prophet, he had been presented to the Prophet by his mother- at an early age in fulfilment of a vow. After the Prophet's death he participated in the wars of conquest. One hundred and twenty eight Traditions on his authority are to be found in the collections of al-Bukhari and Muslim. (Isaba, 1. 84-5; EI2, 1. 482 [A. J. WensinckJ. Robson].)
`ANBASA ibn Said (d. 100 [718/9])-I2. A respected traditionist, originally of Kufa, who taught Ibn al-Mubarak and was a judge at Rayy. (Kashif, II. 304; Zabidi, x. 232.)
AL-ASBAGH AL-HANZALT, ibn Nubata-83. An unreliable traditionist of Kufa accused of Shiite tendancies. (Zabidi, x. 3 18; `Ugayli, i. 129-30; Tahdhib al-Tahdhib, 1. 362-3.)
ASH`ATH IBN ASLAM-so-i. Unidentified.
`ASIM IBN DAMRA (d. 174 [790/1])-235. A traditionist of Kufa, generally regarded as reliable. (Kashif, n. 45; Ghaya,1. 349.)
`ASIM AL-AHWAL, ibn Sulayman (d. C 141 [758/9])-36. A
traditionist from Basra who became chief judge of al-Mada'in. (Mashahir, 98; Bidaya, x. 78; Safadi, xvi. 568.)
`ASIM AL JAHDART, ibn al-`Ajjaj (d. 129 1746171)-114. An ascetic of Basra and an authority on the reading of the Qur'an; he had his own reading which is considered one of the gira'at shadhdha. (GGhaya, 1. 349; Safadi, xvi. 568; Mashahir, 94.)
AL-ASWAD-3o. Possibly a reference to al-Aswad ibn Yaz-id alNakha i (d. c 8o [699/7001), an ascetic who is said to have performed the Pilgrimage eighty times, and to have slept only between the sunset and night prayers. (Abu Nu`aym, it. 102-5; Kdshif, i. 8o; Ibn Marthad, 53-5.)
`ATA' AL-KHURASANI, ibn Abi Muslim (d. 135 1752/3])10. A traditionist who was a mawld of al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra; a number of his narratives are to be found in the Sahih of Muslim. (Kashif, 11. 233; Bidaya, x. S7; GAS, 1. 33-4.)
`ATA' AL-SALIMI (d. 121 [738/9])-1o3, 16o. An ascetic and traditionist of Basra. (Abu Nu`aym, Vi. 215-27; Mashahir, 152.)
`ATA' IBN YASAR al-Hilali (d. c 103 [721/2])-54, 90, 145. A Follower who spent his life in Medina and Syria. He transmitted hadiths from Abu Dharr and Zayd ibn Thabit, some of which are to be found in the collections of al-Bukhari and Muslim. (Mashahir, 69; Kdshif, II. 233.)
AL-AWZA`T, `Abd al-Rahman ibn `Amr, Abu `Amr (d. 157 [774])-41, 161, 245. The principal authority on the shari a in Syria of his generation, who placed especial emphasis on the `living tradition' of the Muslim community as an authoritative source of law. His madhhab also spread in North Africa and Spain, where it was then replaced by that of Ma1ik. His tomb near Beirut is still visited. (E12, 1. 772-3 [J. Schacht]; GALS, I. 308-9; Fihrist, 227.)
AYYUB AL-SAKHTIYANT ibn Abi Tamima (d. 131 [748/9]) -165. A pupil of Anas ibn Ma1ik, he was a reputable narrator of Traditions, and is recorded as having been particularly scrupulous about the sunna. A number of miracles are reported of him. (Mashahir, iso; Azami, 81; Abu Nu`aym, III. 3-14; GAS,,. 87-8.)
BAKR IBN `ABD ALLAH AL-MAZANT (d. Io6 [724/5] or 108 [726/7J)-52. A `Follower' of Basra, who, despite his considerable wealth, spent much time teaching and sitting with the poor. A prolific narrator of Tradition, he was known for the importance he attached to the fear of Hell. (Mashahir, 9o; Safadi, x. 207; Abu Nu`aym, 11. 224-32; Kashif, i. io8.)
BAKR AL-`ABID, ibn cAmr al-N-aji (d. io8 [726/7])-1o3. A Follower who related hadiths from `A'isha, in particular to Qatada and cAsim al-Ahwal; considered a sound authority. (Kashif, i. io8; Abu Nu`aym, 111. ioi-2.)
BAKRAN AL-I)INAWART-q2. A Sufi of the circle of alShibli (d. 334 [945/6]). (Qushayri, 1. 183.)
AL-BABA' IBN `AZIB al-Awsi (d. c 72 [691/2])-135. A Companion of the Prophet, who is said to have taken part in all his expeditions save that of Badr, for which he was considered to be too young. Later he was set in charge of the armies which conquered Rayy and Qazwin. (E12, i. 1025 [K. V. Zettersteen]; Isaba, 1. 146-7.)
BASHSHAR IBN GHALIB AL-NAJRANT-i 16. Unidentified.
BILAL ibn Rabah (d. 17-21 [638/9-642/3])-64, 89. Usually held to have been the second adult convert to Islam, Bilal was born in Mecca into slavery, and was tortured by his master Umayya ibn Khalaf when he refused to renounce his new faith. He was purchased by Abu Bakr, who set him free. He became the Prophet's muezzin at Medina, and later moved to Syria, where he died. (E12, 1. 1215 [W. `Arafat].)

BISHR IBN AL-HARITH 'al-HafT (d. C 227 [841/2])-92, 162. One of the most celebrated figures of early Sufism, he was a companion of Fudayl ibn `Iyad. Formerly given to riotous living, his repentance is said to have come when, in a state of inebriation, he picked up a scrap of paper on which was written the name of God, which he perfumed and put in a clean place. That night he received a dream in which God told him that He would perfume his name as a reward for his act. Many other tales of his charismatic and devout life have found their way into the classical works on Sufism. (Qushayrt, I. 73-7; Hujwtrt, io5-6; Siyar, x.
469; Abu Nu`aym, VIII. 336-60; Sulami, 33-40; E12, 1. 1244-6
[F. Meier]; Dermenghem, 67-78.)
BISHR IBN MANSOR al-Azdt (d. 180 [796/7])-115. A Follower much given to devotional practices in private, who was a recognised authority on hadith. He lived in Basra, but is said to have spent some time in Syria. (Safadt, x. 156; Kashif, 1. 104; Abu Nu`aym, vt. 239-43.)
AL-DAHHAK ibn Muzahim al-Hilalt (d. 105 [7-23/4])-100, 115. A traditionist of Balkh (and later Merv) whose material was used by al-Bukhari, and who was particularly erudite in Qur'anic exegesis. According to some authorities he met one or more of the Prophet's Companions. (Mashahir, 194; Azami, 64; Ghaya, 1.
337.)
DAUD AL-TA'I, ibn Nusayr (d. c 165 [781/2])-19 23, 34, 105, 166. A companion of lbrahim ibn Adham, and an ascetic of whom many anecdotes are told in the early works on Sufism. He placed emphasis on poverty as an aid to the struggle against the lower self, gave all he had to the poor, and is said to have subsisted on a diet of barley bread and water. He was also an outstanding authority on the Law, which he studied under Abu Hanifa.
(Siyar, V11. 423; Tarikh Baghdad, V111. 347-55; Quhayri, I. 81; Abu Nu`aym, VII. 335-367; Tahdhib al-Tahdhib, ill. 203.)
DHU'L-NUN al-Misri, Thawban (d. 245 [859/6o])-91. Born in Upper Egypt, he travelled to Mecca and Damascus, and became a leading exponent of Sufism. It is said that he was the first to give a systematic explanation of the ahwal ('states') and maqamat ('stations') encountered on the spiritual path. A number of miracles are attributed to him, as well as some fine poetry. (Ell, n. 242 [M. Smith]; Sulami, 23-32; Quhayri, I. 58-61; Hujwtri, 1oo-3; Massignon, Essai, 206-13.)
AL-FADL ibn al-`Abb"as ibn `Abd al-Muttalib (d. 13 [634])-61. A Companion of the Prophet who died fighting the Byzantines at the battle of the Yarmuk at the age of 22. (Mashahir, 9.)
AL-FARAZDAQ, Abu Firas Tammam ibn Ghalib, (d. c I io [728/9])-toy. A poet of Bedouin origin who wrote verse chiefly of a satirical and panegyric nature. Many of his poems are directed against his great rival Jartr. (E12, I1. 788-9 [R. Blachere].)
FATIMA (d. i 1 [632])-42, 66, 84, 113. The youngest and bestloved of the daughters of the Prophet. He once told her that 'God is angry when you are angry, and glad when you are glad'. In the year 2 she married `All ibn Abt Talib in the union which was to produce al-Hasan and al-Husayn. Her piety made her a figure greatly revered by later generations. (Isdba, Iv. 365-8; E12,11. 84150 [L. Veccia Vaglierij.)
FATIMA, Umm Salama bint Ahmad- 91. The sister of the famous Sufi Abu `All al-Rudhbart, of an aristocratic and wealthy family; she is remembered for her sanctity and devoutness. (Tdrikh Baghdad, 1. 330.)
FATIMA BINT `ABD AL-MALIK-87, 218. The wife of the caliph `Umar II and the sister of his successor Yaz-id II. When cUmar assumed power he is said to have given away all his wealth, and asked her whether she still wished to remain with him: she chose to remain. She reported many of his secret prayers and devotions after his death. (Biddya, ix. 198-201.)
FATIMA BINT AL-HASAN-1o4. As Zabtdt points out, this is a mistake for Fitima bint al-Husayn, the granddaughter of the caliph `Alt and of Talha ibn `Ubayd A11ah. She married her cousin al-Hasan ibn al-Hasan, and related a number of hadiths. (Tahdhib al-Tahdhib, xII. 442-3.)
FUDAYL ibn `Iyad (d. 187 [803/4].)-89. A brigand who repented and became a pioneer of early Sufism. He studied hadith under Sufyan al-Thawri and Abu Hanifa, and became wellknown for his sermons on the worthlessness of the world, which he likened to 'a madhouse, the people in which are lunatics wearing the shackles of desire and sin'. (Hujwiri, 97-100; Sulami, 7-12; Mashahir, 149; EI2, n. 936 [M. Smith]; GAS, I. 636; Dermenghem, 51-66.)
FUDAYL AL-RUQASHT (d. 95 [713/4])-36. A hadith scholar and ascetic of Basra, remembered for a number of fine sayings on the devotional life. (Mashahir, 98; Abu Nu`aym, III. 102-3.)
HAFSA bint `Umar ibn al-Khattab (d. c 45 [665/6])-79. An early Muslim who married the Prophet in the year 3. After the death of her father she inherited the copy of the Qur'an prepared by the Prophet's secretary Zayd ibn Thabit, which became the 'authorised version' approved by `Uthman. (Isaba, Iv. 264; EI2, 111. 63-5 [L. Veccia Vaglieri].)
AL-HAJJAJ ibn Yusuf al-Thagafi (d. 95 [714])-88. An Umayyad general notorious for his ruthlessness. Of humble origins, he was born near al-Ta'if, and became a policeman at Damascus. He attracted the attention of the caliph `Abd al-Malik, who put him in charge of a campaign against Ibn al-Zubayr, whom he defeated and killed at Mecca. He also fought exten
sively against the Kharijites. (EI2, 111. 39-43 [A. Dietrich].)
AL-HAKAM IBN AL-MUTTALIB al-Makhzum7-94. An early traditionist of Manbij in northern Syria. (Zabidi, x. 343.)
HAMZA ibn `Abd al-Muttalib (d. 3 [625])-84, 113. The paternal uncle of the Prophet, he helped to arrange his first marriage. A brave warrior, his conversion greatly heartened the early Muslim community in Mecca. He was killed at the battle of Uhud by an Abyssinian slave who had been promised his freedom should he accomplish this deed. (EI2, III. 152-4 [G. M. Meredith-Owens].)
HARON AL-RASHID (regn. 170-193 [786-8o9])-88. Perhaps the best-known `Abbasid caliph, whose cultured and sumptuous court presided nevertheless over an empire troubled by rebellion and Byzantine encroachment.
AL-HASAN IBN `ALI (d. c 5o [67o/I])-84, 157. Grandson of the Prophet, and second Imam of the Shi a. Until the reign of `Ali he lived a secluded life at Medina, which was interrupted by a short period in which he claimed the Caliphate. (EI2, III. 240-3 [L. Veccia Vaglieri].)
AL-HASAN al-Basri (d. 110 [728/9])-11, 12, i8, 19, 21, 34, 35, 41, 46, 54, 90, io5, 164, 167, 182, 196, 227, 229, 248. Perhaps the best known personality among the second generation of Muslims, he was born in Medina and took part in the conquest of eastern Iran. He then moved to Basra, where his sanctity and great eloquence attracted great numbers to his circle. He was also a judge and an authority on hadith. His tomb at Basra remains an important centre for devout visits. (Hujwiri, 86-7; Abu Nu`aym, II. 131-61; `Attar, 19-26; E12,111. 247-8 [H. Ritter].)
AL-HASAN IBN AL-HUSAYN-104. Probably a mistake for al-Hasan ibn al-Hasan (ibn `Ali ibn Abi Ta1ib), a hadith scholar who died c 97 (715/6). (Tahdhib al-Tahdhib, 11. 263.)
AL-HASAN IBN SALIH ibn Huyayy al-Thawri (d. 167 [783/ 4])-1o3. An ascetic of Kufa of Shiite leanings, who spent all of his nights in prayer. (Mashahir, 170; Bidaya, x. I5o; Abu Nu`aym, vii. 327-35.)
HATIM AL-ASAMM al-Balkhi (d. 237 [851/2])-1o3. A disciple of the Khurasani Sufi Shagiq al-Balkhi, he was known as the 'Lugman of this nation' for his wise sayings. (Hujwiri, 115;
Safadl, xi. 233-4; Sulami, 80-7; Abu Nu`aym, viii. 73-84.)
HUDHAYFA ibn al-Yaman al-`Abasi (d. 36 [656/7])-8, 33, 46, 48, 146, 243. One of the earliest converts to Islam, whose father was martyred at the battle of Uhud. He is particularly revered by the Sufis. He related a considerable number of hadfths, particularly those relating to eschatology: according to the sources he said that 'the Prophet told me all that would occur from the present until the Day ofJudgement'. (Isaba,1. 316-7; Massignon, Essai, 159-6i; Nawawi, Tahdhib, 199-201; Abu Nu`aym, I. 270-83.)
HUDHAYFA-94. Unidentified.
AL-HUSAYN IBN `ALT ibn Abi Talib (d. 61 [68o])-84, 159, 229. A grandson of the Prophet, who, although he acquiesced in the caliphate of Mu`awiya, refused to recognise his son al-Yazid upon his accession in 60 AH (680 AD). Against the advice of Ibn `Abbas and `Abd Allah ibn `Umar, al-Husayn marched with a handful of supporters to Kufa, where he believed that he could muster support; the Kufans, however, intimidated by Yazid's governor, met him in battle at nearby Karbala', where he was slain. (EI2, III. 607-15 [L. Veccia Vaglieri].)
IBN `ABBAS, `Abd Allah (d. 68 [687/8])-16, 31, 44, 72, 81, I56, 158, 178, 212, 216, 225, 241, 256, 258. A cousin and close companion of the Prophet respected for his piety and commonly acknowledged as the greatest scholar of the first generation of Muslims, a narrator of hadith and the founder of the science of Qur'anic exegesis. He fought alongside `Ali at Sif -in, and died at al-Ta'if, where the site of his grave is still visited. (Nawawi.', Tahdhib, 351-4; Abu Nucaym, I. 314-29; Mashahir, 9; Isaba, ii. 322-6; EI2, I. 40-I [L. Veccia Vaglieri].)
IBN ABT MULAYKA, `Abd Allah ibn `Ubayd Allah (d. 117 [735/6])-112, 113. A prominent Follower (tabi`i) of Mecca who joined the revolt of Ibn al-Zubayr, who made him a judge. He is said to have met eighty Companions of the Prophet. (Tahdhib alTahdhib, v. 306; Mashahir, 82-3.)
IBN MAS`UD, `Abd Allah al-Hudhali (d. 32-3 [652/3-653/4])14, 17, 33, 35, 46, 59, 63, 194, 201, 208, 243. Of Bedouin origin, Ibn Mas`ud is said to have been either the third or the sixth convert to Islam; he became one of the most erudite Companions. He was particularly well versed in the recitation and interpretation of the Qur'an, and was an expert in matters of law. In addition, he related a number of the most important eschatological hadiths. (EI2, 111. 873-5 [J.-C. Vadet]; Isaba, n. 360-62; lstt`ab, II. 308-16.)
IBN AL-MUBARAK-9o, 166. See "Abd Allah ibn alMubarak'.
IBN MULJAM, `Abd al-Rahman al-Muradi (d. 40 [661])-83, 157. The Kharijite assassin of the caliph `AIi, he was caught and put to death after carrying out his mission. (E12. ItI. 887-90 [L. Veccia Vaglieri].)
Appendix
IBN AL-MUNKADIR, Muhammad al-Taymi (d. 130 [747/ 8])-89. A prominent Follower and reciter of the Qur'an, who transmitted a number of hadiths. (Mashahir, 65; Abu Nu`aym, in. 146-58.)

IBN MUTT -I4. Possibly `Abd Allah ibn Muti al-`Adawi (d. 73 [692]), one of the leaders of the Medinese insurrection against Yazid I. Defeated at the battle of the Harra in 63 (683) he became governor of Kufa for Ibn al-Zubayr, with whom he was killed at Mecca. (E12, 1. 50 [K. V. Zettersteen-Ch. Pellat].)
IBN RASHID, Muhammad, al-Makhuli (d. c 170 [786/7])-166. A respected traditionist of Damascus, who later moved to Basra. A number of his hadiths are cited by Abu Daud, al-Nasa i and alTirmidhi. (Kash f III. 37; Tahdhib al-Tahdhib, ix. I58-6o.)
IBN AL-SAMMAK, Muhammad ibn Sabih (d. 183 [799/800])107. A traditionist and preacher of Baghdad who delivered a famous sermon before Harun al-Rash-id, and who wrote to the wealthy urging them to renounce their riches in favour of poverty and the religious life. He was a disciple of Sufyan alThawri in hadith, and taught Ibn Hanbal. (Siyar, VIII. 291-3; Tdrikh Baghdad, V. 368-73; Ta711, 364-5.)
IBN SIRIN, Muhammad, al-Ansari (d. 110 [728/9])-11, 113, 153. Born during the caliphate of `Uthman, his father was clerk to Anas ibn Malik. He moved to Basra, where he preached in the marketplaces and where he became known as an authority on law. He is also remembered as a master interpreter of dreams, and a book on the subject is attributed to him. (Mashahir, 88; Azami,
94-5; Abu Nu`aym, 11. 263-82; E12, nt. 947-8 [T. Fahd]; GAS, i. 633-4.)
IBN AL-TAYYAH-83. Unidentified.
IBN `UMAR, `Abd Allah (d. 73 [693/4])-I0, 32, 70, 113, 114, 117, 130, 18o, 192, 218. A Companion of the Prophet who, at the age of fourteen asked to be permitted to fight at Uhud, which permission was denied. Possessed of high moral qualities he commanded universal deference and respect. Although it is said that he was offered the caliphate on three separate occasions he kept himself aloof from politics and occupied himself instead with study and instruction. (E12, 1. 53-4 [L. Veccia Vaglieril; lsaba, II. 338-41; Abu Nu`aym, 1. 292-314.)
IBN `UYAYNA, Sufyan al-Hilali (d. c 198 [813/4])-161, 163. An influential hadith specialist born in Kufa and reared in Mecca, who studied under Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri. 'But for Malik and Ibn `Uyayna', al-Shaft i is represented as saying, 'the knowledge of the Hijaz would have been lost'. He is a principal source of hadith in the Musnad of al-Humayd-i. (Mashahir, 149; GAS, 1. 139; Azami, 169-70.)
IBRAHIM IBN ISHAQ AL-HARBI (d. 285 [898/9])-161. A grammarian, historian and traditionist of Baghdad, an important disciple of Ibn Hanbal, and an admirer of Bishr al-Haft. His book on the Pilgrimage has recently been published. (Safadi, v. 320-4; Biddya, x. 297; Zabidi, x. 434.)
IBRAHIM AL-NAKHA`I, ibn Yazid (d. c 96 [714/5])-89. A devout and learned scholar of Kufa who opposed the writing of hadith as an unjustified innovation. He studied under al-Hasan alBasri and Anas ibn Malik, and taught Abu Hanifa, who may have been influenced by his extensive use of personal judgement (ra'y) in matters of jurisprudence. (Mashahir, tot; Azami, 65-6; Ghaya, I. 29.)	-
IBRAHIM AL-TAYMI, ibn Yazid (d. c 93 [711/2])-I I. An ascetic of Kufa who is said to have placed great emphasis on 'short hopes' (qisar al-aural). He figures in many hortatory tales with his father, Yazid ibn Sharik. A respected traditionist, he taught alA`mash, and use is made of his hadiths by al-Bukhari and Muslim. (Abu Nu`aym, Iv. 210-19; Mashahir, ioi; Kdsh f I. so.)
IBRAHIM AL-ZAYYAT-98. Unidentified.
`IKRIMA, maivld Ibn `Abbas (d. c 105 [723-4])-44. Said to have
been of Berber origin, he was a manumitted slave of Ibn `Abbas, whose exegesis of the Qur'an he passed on to Mujahid. Although accused of Kharijite sympathies, he is regarded as a reliable
authority on hadith. (Azami, 66-7; Ghaya, 1. 515; E12, iii. 1081-2 [J. Schacht]; Abu Nu`aym, Ill. 326-47.)
JABIR ibn `Abd Allah al-Khazraji al-Ans5r (d. 68-78 1687/8 697/8])-32, 129, 150, 157, 237. A Companion of the Prophet whose father died at the battle of Uhud. He participated in nineteen of the expeditions of the Prophet, and related a sizeable number of Traditions. (Isaba, 1. 214-5; Nawawi, Tahdhib, 184-6; Mashahir, II.)
JABIR IBN WADA`A-5o. Unidentified.
JABIR IBN ZAYD al-Azdi (d. 93 [71I/21)-46. Usually known as Abu'I-Sha`tha'. A Basran authority on the sharra and the interpretation of the Qur'an, and a leader of the Ibadi branch of the Kharijite movement. He was a pupil of Ibn `Abbas, and related hadiths to Qatada. (Kashif, I. 121; Abu Nu`aym, III. 85-92; Mashahir, 89.)
JA`FAR ibn Abi Talib (d. 8 [629])-84. A cousin of the Prophet and the elder brother of `Alt. It was he that led the emigration to Abyssinia, whence he returned in time for the Khaybar expedition (7/628). He was known as 'Abu'l-Masakin' because of his concern for the poor. (E12, II. 372 [L. Veccia Vaglieri]; Isti`ab, I.
211-4.)
JA`FAR IBN MUHAMMAD ibn `All ibn al-Husayn, 'al-Sadiq' (d. 148 [765])-1o2, 113. A major authority on law and hadith, he taught both Abu Hanifa and Malik. His austere and saintly life made him an important ideal for the Sufis, who gathered large numbers of sayings attributed to him. He was later made into the seventh Imam of the Shi a: the Ja`fariya sect is named after him.
(E12, Ii. 374-5 [M.G.S. Hodgson]; Mashahir, 127; Abu Nu`aym, III. 192-206; Tahdhib al-Tahdhib, II. 104.)
JA`FAR IBN NUSAYR al-Khuldi (d. 348 [959/6o])-92. (Correct name: Ja`far ibn Muhammad ibn Nusayr al-Khuldi.) A major Sufi of Baghdad, a companion of Ruwaym, al Junayd and alNuri, who spent much of his life engaged in extensive travels. He left a number of aphorisms which are much quoted in the classical works on Sufism. (GAS, I. 661; Quhayri, I. 178; Hujwiri, 156-7; Tdrikh Bag dad, VII. 226-3 1; Abu Nu`aym, x. 381.)
JA`FAR IBN SAID-I32. As Zabidi remarks (x. 394), this is probably an error for Ja`far an Said' (ibn al-Musayyib), a reference to Ja`far ibn Sulayman (d. 178 [794/5]), a Shiite traditionist and ascetic of Basra. (Kdshif, 1. 129; Biddya, x. 173; Mashahir, 159.)
AL JAHIZ (d. 255 [868/9])-165. One of the finest Arabic prose stylists, he left a wealth of elegant and witty books, such as the Animals and the Misers which have furnished much information about early Islamic society. Although originally of Basra he wrote principally in Baghdad. In addition to his literary tastes he was a theologian of the Muctazilite school. (C. Pellat, Le Milieu
basrien et la formation de 6ahiz.)
JARIR IBN `ABD ALLAH al-Bajali (d. 5 1 [671/2])-240, 250, 255. A Companion of the Prophet. Of an aristocratic family, he was renowned for his handsomeness. A number of hadiths were related by him. (Mashahir, 44; Kdshif, 1. 126.)
JARTR ibn `Atiya al-Khata6 (d. 110 [728-9])-98. With alFarazdaq and al-Akhtal, Jarir represents the last flowering of the Bedouin poetic tradition. His work is composed primarily of panegyrics, and ruthless broadsides directed against his rival al
Farazdaq. (GALS, It. 53-5.)
AL JUNAYD, Abu'l-Qisim ibn Muhammad (d. 298 [91o/ I I])-moo, 91, 92, 93, 16o, 162, 165. The best known of the Sufis of Baghdad. A nephew and disciple of al-Sari al-Sagati, he vowed that would not teach during the latter's lifetime out of deference to his preceptor; however he received a vision of the Prophet, who told him that `God shall make your words the salvation of a multitude of mankind'; he then began to teach. His gatherings 'were attended by jurists and philosophers (attracted by his precise reasoning), theologians (drawn by his orthodoxy) and Sufis (for his discoursing upon the Truth)'. In addition, he was an authority on theology and law, in which he followed the school of Abu Thawr. (Sulami, 141-50; GAS, I. 647-50; EI2, u. 6oo [A. J. Arberry]; A. H. Abdel-Kader, The Life, Personality and Writings of al Junayd.)
AL JURAYRT (d. 311 [923/4])-9o. A companion of Junayd, sometimes said to have been his successor. He was also a theologian and a jurist. (Hujwiri, 148; Qushayri, 1. 166-7; Sulami, 253-9; Tdrikh Baghdad, Iv. 430-4.) 298
KA`B al-Ahbar, ibn Miti` al-Himyari (d. 32 [652/3] or 34 [654/ 5])-II, 42, 113, 129, 134, 182, 248. A rabbi from the Yemen who converted to Islam during the caliphate of `Umar. (E12, Iv. 316-7 [M. Schmitz]; Mashahir, 118.)
AL-KATTANT, Muhammad ibn `Ali (d. 322 [933/4])-94. 162.
A Baghdad Sufi of the circle of al Junayd and al-Kharraz; he spent much of his life in Mecca, where he died. (Sulami, 386-91; Tar kh Bag dad, III. 74-6; Abu Nucaym, x. 357-8; `Attar, 253-6.)
KHADTJA BINT KHUWAYLID (d. 3 BH [619])-84. The first wife of the Prophet. She was a businesswoman of Mecca, and married him after having been impressed with his efficiency and honesty in the matter of a caravan to Syria which he had supervised for her. (EI2, Iv. 898-9 [W. Montgomery Watt].)
KHAYTHAMA ibn `Abd al-Rahman al-K56 (d. c 8o [699/ 700])-55. A traditionist who studied under `Abd Allah ibn `Amr and `Ali. A wealthy man, he is said to have given lavish banquets for the poor. (Mashahir, 103; Abu Nucaym, Iv. 113-126.)
LUQMAN-37. A sage of pre-Islamic Arabia who figures prominently in Arab legend and proverbs. He is shown in the Qur'in as a monotheist giving advice to his son. (E12, v. 811-3 [B. Heller-[N. A. Stillman]].)
AL-MAGHAZILT--94. Possibly a reference to Banan ibn Yahya al-Maghazili (d. 264 [877/81), a traditionist. (Tdrikh Baghdad, VII. 99-100.)	-
MAJNUN-164. The protagonist of a Bedouin love story. A shepherd, he falls in love with the girl Layla. When he loses her he turns mad, wandering in the desert and communing with wild beasts. The tale was later turned into a symbol of the Sufi love of God. (EI2, V. 1102-7 [C. Pellat et al.].)
MAKHOL, Abu `Abd Allah al-Dimashgi (d. 112 [73o/I])-42, 97. A prisoner of war taken at Kabul and given to an Egyptian woman, who set him free. He later became one of the more prominent jurists of Damascus, where he influenced al-Awzai.
(Kdshf, 111. 152; Fihrist, 227; Mashahir, 114.)
MALIK IBN ANAS al-Asbahi (d. 179 [795/6])-131, 164, 229. The founder of one of the four main schools of Islamic law. Born into a family of hadith scholars at Medina, he studied the recitation of the Qur'an with Nafi` and heard hadiths from alZuhri and Ibn al-Munkadir. He taught al-Shafii, al-Thawri and Ibn al-Mubarak. His book, the Muwatta', is the earliest surviving work of Muslim law, and places great emphasis on the actual practice of Islam in Medina in Malik's time. (SEI, 320-4 [J. Schacht].)
MALIK IBN DINAR al-Nap (d. 131 [748/9])-34, 98, io6. An
ascetic of Basra who made a living by copying the Qur'an. A companion of al-Hasan al-Basri, he was credited with a number of miracles, including the ability to walk on water. (Mashahir, 9o; Hujwiri, 89-90; Ghaya, II. 36; Abu Nu`aym, 11. 357-88.)
AL-MA'MON (regn. 198-218 [813-833])-88. The caliph who presided over the zenith of Abbasid civilisation. He led a number of successful campaigns against the Byzantines and provincial rebels. His adoption of Mu`tazilite theology may have been an attempt to reconcile both the Shia and the emerging Sunni orthodoxy to the ruling dynasty.
MANSOR IBN ISMAIL al-Maghhribi-159. A Sufi who taught al-Qushayri. (Zabidi, x. 433.)
MA`RUF AL-KARKHT, ibn Fruz (d. 200-1 [815/6-816/7])24. One of the major early Sufis. His parents are said to have been Christians. He was a major influence on al-Sari al-Sagati, but also instructed Ibn Hanbal in hadith. His grave, restored in 1312 AH, is an important focus of the religious life of Baghdad, and many miraculous cures are said to be worked there. (Hujwiri, 113-5; Sulami, 74-9; Qushayri, t. 65-8; Ibn al Jawzi, Manaqib Ma`ruf alKarkhi wa-akhbaruhu.)
MARWAN ibn al-Hakam (regn. 64-5 [684-5])-46. An Umayyad caliph whose reign stands out only for his defeat of the forces of the rebel Ibn al-Zubayr at the battle of Marj Rahit.
MASRUQ ibn al-Ajda` (d. 63 [682/3])-I27. Chiefly resident in Kufa, he was a respected traditionist and 'Follower' who taught Ibrahim al-Nakha i. He is said to have fought on the side of `Ali against the Kharijites. (Mashahir, 101; Tarikh Bag dad, XIII. 232-5; KQShif, 111. 120.)
AL-MASCJHI, al-Hasan ibn `Af-163. A Sufi who was a follower of Bishr al-Haft and who taught al Jurayri. It is said that he was the first to give lessons on Sufism in Baghdad. Having no house, he slept in the portico of a mosque. (Tarikh Bag dad, vu. 366-67; Abu Nu`aym, x. 322.)
MAYMUN IBN MIHRAN al Jazari (d. c 117[735/6])-104. An ascetic of Raqqa on the upper Euphrates, he was a pupil of alHasan al-Basri and a traditionist who became secretary to the caliph `Umar ibn `Abd al-`Aziz. (Mashahir, 117; Bidaya, IX. 314; Abu Nu`aym, iv. 82-97.)
MU`ADH IBN JABAL al-Khazraji (d. c 18 [639/401)-29,88. An early convert to Islam, he became well versed in filth in a short space of time. He was the Prophet's governor of the Yemen, and died in Syria. (Isaba, III. 406-7; Mashahir, 5o.)
MU`AWIYA IBN ABT SUFYAN ibn Harb ibn Umayya (regn. 40-60 [661-8o])-85, 86, 158. The first caliph of the Umayyad dynasty, able and astute, he continued the conquests of his predecessors.
MUBASHSHIR IBN ISMAIL AL-HALABT (d. 200 [81 5/6])117. A traditionist of Aleppo who studied under al-Awza`i and taught a number of `Iraqi scholars. He is usually accounted a reliable authority. (Kashif, 111. 104; Bidaya, x. 247.)
AL-MUFADDAL IBN FADALA (d. 181 [797/8])-19. A somewhat unreliable traditionist of Basra, remembered for his love of prayer. (Abu Nu`aym, VIII. 321-3; Kashif, III. 150; Du`afa', 226.)	-
AL-MUGHTRA IBN SHUBA al-Thaqafi (d. So [670/11)-78. A Companion of the Prophet. He took part in a number of the early conquests, and lost an eye at the battle of Yarmuk. The caliph `Umar made him governor of Basra and then of Kufa; he subsequently retired from politics until it became clear that Mu`iwiya had won, when he again assumed the governorship of the latter city. (Isaba, III. 432-3.)
MUHAMMAD IBN ABT TAWBA-24. Unidentified.
MUHAMMAD IBN AHMAD AL-MARWAZI-117. Probably a reference to a certain Shafi`ite jurist and ascetic of this name who died at Merv in 371 (981/2). (Tarikh Bag dad, 1. 314.)
MUHAMMAD IBN `ALT ibn al-Husayn ibn `Art ibn Abi' Ta1ib, `al-B-agir'. (d. c 114 [732/3))-84, 137. The father of the traditionist Ja`far al-Sadiq, he taught al-Zuhri and al-Awzai. He was later made into the fifth Imam of the Shi a. (Mashahir, 62; Kashif, III. 71.)
MUHAMMAD IBN AL-HUSAYN-84. Unidentified.
MUHAMMAD IBN KA`B AL-QURAZI (d. io8 [726/7) or 118 [736/7))-I38, 228. A Follower (tabi`i) of Kufa (later of Medina) much given to worship and the recitation of the Qur'an. He related a number of hadiths to Ibn al-Munkadir. (Abu Nu`aym, IIi. 212-21; Mashahir, 65; Ghaya, II. 233.)
MUHAMMAD IBN AL-MUNKADIR-145, 157. See 'Ibn alMunkadir'.
MUHAMMAD IBN QUDAMA AL JAWHART (d. 237 [851/ 21)-I17. A traditionist of Baghdad who studied under Ibn `Uyayna. His reliability is sometimes questioned. (Zabidi, x. 370; Kashif, i11. 8o.)
MUHAMMAD IBN SABIH-133. See 'Ibn al-Sammak'.
MUHAMMAD IBN SULAYMAN ibn `Ali ibn `Abd Allah ibn `Abbas (d. 173 [789/90))-1 io. A traditionist of doubtful reliability who was governor of Basra for a period. (Bidaya, x. 103, 162-3; `Ugayli, Iv. 73.)
MUHAMMAD AL-TUSI, ibn Aslam (d. 2421856/71)-166. A traditionist said to have been one of the first to write on the subject of weak hadiths. He was known for the sermons he preached against the Murji'ite heresy. (Safadi, 11. 204; Abu
Nu`aym, ix. 237-54; Bidaya, x. 344.)
MUHAMMAD IBN WASI` al-Azdi (d. 127 [744/51)-47, 115,
16o. An early hadith scholar noted for his asceticism. His statement, 'I never saw anything without seeing God therein' was
Appendix
much discussed by later Sufis. He fought under Qutayba ibn Muslim during the conquest of Transoxiana, and later became a judge. (Hujwiri, 91-2; Abu Nu`aym, II. 345-57; Ghaya, II. 274; Mashahir, 151.)
MUHAMMAD IBN `UQBA-86. A gadi and traditionist. (Zabidi; x. 322; KUsh f III. 70; Tahdhib al-Tahdhib, Ix. 347.)
MUHAMMAD IBN YOSUF-22. Possibly a reference to Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Ya`qub, a chief judge of Baghdad (d. 320 [932/3)), known for his retiring disposition and friendship with the traditionist Ibn Mani. (Safadi', V. 245-6; Bidaya, x1. 76.)
MUJAHID ibn Jabr al-Makki (d. 104 [722/3))-4o, 102, 132, 194, 245, 249. Sometimes considered the most learned authority among the `Followers' (tabi`un) on the exegesis of the Qur'an, which he learnt from Ibn `Abbas, he was particularly concerned to establish the circumstances under which each verse had been revealed. He was also respected for his austere and pious lifestyle. (Mashahir, 82; Fihrist, 33; Ghaya, Ii. 41-2; Abu Nu`aym, III. 279-310.)

MUJAMMI` ibn Samghan al-Taymi-16o. An ascetic of Kufa who associated with Sufyan al-Thawri. He is recorded as having been a person of simplicity and generosity, who would unhesitatingly allow strangers lodging in his house. (Abu Nu`aym, v. 89-91.)
MUMSHAD AL-DINAWART (d. 299 [911/2))-91, 94. A Sufi
of the circle of lbn al Jalla'. (Abu Nu`aym, x. 353-4; Sulami',
3 18-20.)
AL-MUNDHIR ibn Ma1ik al-`Abdi (d. io8 [726/61)-34. A respected traditionist of Basra, who was present at the death of alHasan al-Basri. (Abu Nu`aym, ill. 97-101; Kashif, ill. 154.)
AL-MUNTASIR ibn al-Mutawakkil (regn. 247-8 [86I-21)-88. An Abbasid caliph, who came to power after inducing the Turkish palace guards to assassinate his father.
MUQATIL ibn Sulayman al-Azdi (d. i5o [767/8))-175. A theologian and exegete from Balkh in Cental Asia who taught principally in Baghdad. He knew a large amount of Jewish lore, and compiled a commentary on the Qur'an. (GAS, I. 6o; Tarikh Baghdad, xiii. 160-9; Tahdhib al-Tahdhib, x. 284.)
MUSA IBN HAMMAD-168. Unidentified.
AL-MU`TAMIR IBN SULAYMAN al-Taymi (d. 187 [802/3]) -50, 94. An ascetic and a reliable traditionist of Basra who associated with al-Hasan al-Basri. His father, Sulaymin ibn Tarkhan (d. 143 [760/1]) was also a hadith scholar. (Mashahir, 161; Ibn Qutayba, Ma`arif, 240.)
MUTAMMIM AL-DAWRAQI-159. Unidentified.
MUTARRIF IBN `ABD ALLAH IBN AL-SHIKHKHTR al`Amiri (d. c 87 [8o6/7])-12, 18. An ascetic and a traditionist of Basra. Many miracles and famous prayers are attributed to him. (Mashahir, 88; Abu Nucaym, 11. 198-212; Kash f, III. 132.)
MUTARRIF ibn Ma`gil al-Tamimi-I I. A traditionist who studied under Ibn Sirin. (Zabidi, x. 231.)
MUTARRIF IBN ABI BAKR AL-HUDHALI-I 18. An early ascetic of Basra. (Zabidi, x. 373; Massignon, Essai, 164.)
AL-MU`TASIM (regn. 218-27 [833-42])-88. An Abbasid caliph, remembered for his victory over the Byzantines at Amorium and his regularising of the use of Turkish palace guards.
NAM, mawla ibn `Umar. (d. 119 [7371)-113, 114. An important hadfth scholar of Medina, who studied under Ibn `Umar and Abu Hurayra, and who taught Malik ibn Anas and al-Layth ibn Sa`d. (Mashahir, 8o; KQsh f in. 174.)
NASR ibn Tarif al-Bahili-9o. An unreliable traditionist accused by Ibn al-Mubarak of 'Qadarite' leanings. (`Ugayli, IV. 296-8.)
AL-NASRABADHT, Ibrihim ibn Muhammad (d. c 367 [977/8]) -165. A Sufi of Khurasan, who associated with al-Shibli and Abu `Ali al-Rudhbari. He was also a prolific traditionist. (Qushayri, 1.222-3; Sulami, 511-5; GAS, 1. 663; Hujwiri, 159-6o.)
AL-NU`MAN IBN BASHIR al-Khazraji (d. c 74 [693/4]) 131. A Companion of the Prophet who became governor of Hims for Yazid I. He was killed by the populace of the latter city when he tried to raise support for the rebellion of Ibn al-Zubayr. (Isaba, III. 529--30; El, III. 952-3 [K. V. Zettersteen].)
AL-NURT, Abu'l-Husayn (d. 295 [907/8])-95. An important Sufi of the Baghdad school. A companion of al Junayd, he left a number of poems on Divine love. (Sulami, 151-8; GAS, I. 650; Tarikh Baghdad, v. 130; `Attar, 221-30; Ernst, 97-101.)
QABISA IBN `UQBA al-Kufi (d. 215 [830/1])-164. A traditionist and exegete who studied under Sufyan al-Thawri and taught Ibn Hanbal and Ibn Abi Shayba. A number of hadiths related on his authority are given by al-Bukhari. (GAS, 1. 40-I; Tarikh Bag dad, xII. 473-6; Bidaya, x. 269.)
AL-QA`QA` IBN `AMR al-Tamimi-7I. A noted warrior who distinguished himself at the battle of al-Qadisiya. The story of his presence at the Prophet's death is usually regarded as a fiction.
(Isti`ab, III. 252; Isaba, 111. 230.)
AL-QA`QA` IBN HAKTM al-Kinani-23. A pious and highlyregarded traditionist of the second generation of Muslims, who related hadiths from Abu Hurayra and Ibn `Umar. (Mashahir, 77; Kashif, u. 346; Tahdhfb al-Tahdhib, VIII. 383.)
QATADA ibn Di ama al-Basri (d. 117 [735/6])-182. Although
blind from birth, he became an authority on the exegesis of the Qur'an. He was an associate of al-Hasan al-Basri, and is sometimes accused of Mu`tazilite sympathies. (Fihrist, 34; Mashahir, 96; GAS, 1. 31-2; Massignon, Essai, 200.)
RABI`A AL-`ADAWIYA, bint Ismail (d. 185 [801/2])-II6. The most famous woman Sufi. It is said that she was stolen as a child and sold into slavery, but was released on account of her piety. She lived for a time in the desert, where she was fed miraculously by God. She later moved to Basra, where she taught Sufyan al-Thawri and Shagiq al-Balkhi, emphasising the importance of divine love. She left a number of fine prayers. (M. Smith, Rabi`a the Mystic and her Fellow-Saints in Islam.)
AL-RABI` IBN KHUTHAYM (or'KHAYTHAM'), al-Thawri (d. c 63 [682/3])-I I, 12, 103. A pupil of Ibn `Abbis and a famous ascetic of Kufa. Constantly ill with a form of palsy, he became for later generations a symbol of endurance in the face of suffering. He emphasised the importance of silence, scrupulousness in religious observance, and the fear of Hell. Many traditions in the collection of al-Bukhiri are given on his authority. (Mashahir, 99-Too; Ghaya, 1. 283; Abu Nu`aym, II. 105-19; Kashif, I. 235; Ibn Marthad 41-3.)
AL-RABI` IBN SULAYMAN al-Muridi (d. C 270 [883/4])166. A pupil of al-Shif, i, and his messenger to Ibn Hanbal when this latter had been incarcerated by al-Ma'mun. He was also the muezzin of the mosque of cAmr in Egypt. (Kashif, 1. 236; Bidaya, x. 162, 331.)	-
RUWAYM ibn Ahmad al-Baghdidi (d. 303 [915/6])-9o, 94. A
Sufi of the circle of al Junayd, who stressed the importance of tajrid (divestment from worldly attachments). He is said to have written books on Sufism. Additionally, he was a noted expert on the exegesis of the Qur'in, and an adherent of the literalist Zihiri school of law. (Hujwiri, 135-6; Qushayri, 1. 144-6; Abu Nu`aym, x. 296-302.)	-
SA`D ibn Abi Wagq-as al-Murri (d. So [670/1] or 55 [674-5])-8o. One of the ten Companions assured of Heaven by the Prophet, he distinguished himself particularly as a brilliant politician and soldier. To him goes the credit for the defeat of the Persians at alQidis-iya (16/637), one of history's most decisive battles, and the subsequent founding of Kufa as a military base. He remained governor of that city until the year 20 [640/1] when he was recalled to Medina following allegations, not credited by the Caliph, of misrule. `Umar later made him one of the six men who were to choose the new caliph. (SEI, 482 [K. V. Zettersteen].)
SA`D IBN BILAL-255. According to Zabidi this is a mistake
for Bilil ibn Sad (d. c 120 [737/8]), an ascetic and preacher of
Damascus who was also regarded as the greatest Syrian authority on the readings of the Qur'in at that time. (Safadi, x. 277;
Kashif, i. i i 1; Tahdhib al-Tahdhib, 1. 503.)
SAD IBN MU`ADH al-Awsi (d. 5 [626])-146, 15o. The head of an important clan at Medina, he was an early and enthusiastic convert. During the Battle of the Trench he was wounded, and after the fighting had subsided was asked by the Prophet to pass judgement on the Jewish clan of Qurayza, which had been accused of dealing secretly with the enemy. He found them guilty, and sentenced their menfolk to death and their women and children to slavery. He himself died shortly afterwards. (SEI, 482-3 [K. V. Zettersteen]); Isti ab, II. 25-30.)
SAFTYA bint Huyayy ibn Akhtab (d. 5o [670/1] or 52 [672/3])I I. A Jewish woman who joined Islam and married the Prophet following the Khaybar expedition. She became particularly close to his daughter Fitima and showed great devotion to the Prophet, particularly during his final illness. (SEI, 487-8 [V. Vacca].)
SAHL AL-SU`LOKI ibn Muhammad (d. 404 [1013/4])-166. A prominent Sh3fi i jurist of N-isibur, whose classes were regularly attended by over five hundred students, among whom was the great traditionist al-Hikim. He is said to have written on theology and literature. (Subki, 1v. 393; Safadi, xvi. 12-13; Zabidi, x. 438.)
SAID IBN `ABD ALLAH ibn Jurayj-61. A traditionist who taught al-A`mash. (Kashif, 1. 289; Tahdhb al-Tahdhib, iv. 51.)
SAID IBN `ABD ALLAH AL-AWDI-i i6. Unidentified.
SAID IBN `ABD AL-RAHMAN al Jumahi (d. 176 [792/3])18. A respected traditionist who became Hirun al-Rash-id's chief judge at Baghdad. A number of traditions in the Sahih of Muslim are given on his authority. (Safadi, xv. 237; Kashif, I. 290; Ghaya, 1. 306.)	-
SAID IBN AL-MUSAYYIB al-Makhzumi (d. 93-4 [711/2712/3])-75, 249. A major genealogist and legal expert of Medina, held by some to have been the most erudite of the second Muslim generation. He refused to marry his devout and learned daughter to the caliph al-Walid ibn `Abd al-Malik, for which he was flogged. (Abu Nu'aym, 11. 161-76; Hujwiri, 87; Mashahir, 63.)
SALIH IBN BASHIR al-Murri (d. c 172 [788/9])-I6o. A'weak' traditionist of Basra who studied under Ibn Sinn and Yazid alRugashi. Famed for his sermons, he was invited to Baghdad to preach before the caliph al-Mahdi. (Safadi, XV1. 252; Bidaya, x. 170; Du`afa', 136; Abu Nu`aym, VI. 165-77.)
SALIH AL-MURRI-132. See previous notice.
SALIH IBN MISMAR al-Marwazi (d. 246 [86o/I])-92. A traditionist who learnt hadiths from Ibn `Uyayna; some of his material is incorporated in the Sahfh of Muslim. (Kashif, 11. 22.)
SALMAN AL-FARISI (d. 36 [656/7])-19, 74, 89, 240. 'Salman
the Good.' A Persian convert to Islam who became one of the most celebrated Companions of the Prophet. It was upon his counsel that the famous 'Fosse' was dug to defend the city from the Meccan army. Later he participated in the conquest of Iraq. His asceticism and devotion to the Prophet made him an ideal for later generations, and in particular the Sufis, to whom he is held to have transmitted much of the Prophet's esoteric knowledge. (Isaba, iI. 6o-i; Abu Nu`aym, 1. 185-2o8; SEI, 500-1 [G. Levi delta Vida].)
SAMURA ibn Jundub al-Faz"ari (d. 51-6o [671/2-679/80])-219. A Companion of the Prophet who transmitted a number of Traditions used by al-Bukhir and Muslim. He served as governor of Basra and then of Kufa for a short period. (GAS, I. 84-5; Mashahir, 38.)
AL-SARI AL-SAQATI, ibn al-Mughallis (d. C 251 [865/6])-93. The maternal uncle of al Junayd, and one of the first to present Sufism in a systematised fashion. According to Hujwiri, his conversion to Sufism was instigated by the Baghdad saint Habib al-Rai, who, upon being given a crust of bread by al-Sari, said, 'May God reward you!' 'From that time on', al-Sagati later remarked, 'my worldly affairs never prospered again'. He was perhaps the most influential disciple of Ma`ruf al-Karkhi. (EI, iv. 171 [L. Massignon]; Tarfkh Baghdad, ix. 187-62; J. al-Murabit, alSari al-Sagatf; Dermenghem, 115-28.)
SAWDA bint Zam`a al-Qurashiya (d. 54 [673/41)-178. The second wife of the Prophet, she was one of the earliest converts to
Appendix
Islam. She is remembered for her charitable and amiable temperament. (SEI, 503-4 [V. Vacca].)
SHADDAD IBN AWS (d. 58 [677/8])-41. A Medinese companion of the Prophet whose father died at the battle of Badr. He narrated a number of hadiths, and is buried at Jerusalem. (Isaba, 11. 138; Nawawi, Tahdhib, 312; Mashahir, So.)
AL-SHAFT I, Muhammad ibn Idris al-Qurashi (d. 204 [820])95, 166, 168. The founder of the ShaF`ite school of Islamic law. Although born in Gaza he was brought up with a Bedouin tribe, which gave him a good grounding in poetry and the Arabic language. He later studied filth with Sufyan ibn `Uyayna and Malik ibn Anas, developing a legal theory that stood halfway between literalism and personal opinion. He travelled extensively in Iraq and Egypt, where he died; his tomb is today one of the centres of Cairene religious life. (GAS, I. 484-90; Tarfkh Baghdad,
II. 56-73; SEI, 512-5 [W. Heffening].)
SHAQIQ AL-BALKHT, al-Azdi (d. 194 [809/101)-19. One of the founders of the Khurasani school of Sufism, he was the disciple of the ascetic Ibrahim ibn Adham. He was known for his discourses on the nearness of the Resurrection and the importance of reliance (tawakkul) upon God. He was also a noted scholar of the shari'a. (Qushayri, 1. 85-7; Abu Nu`aym, viii. 58-73; Sulami, 54-9; Hujwiri, 111-2.)
AL-SHIBLI, ibn Jahdar (d. 334 [945/6])-92, 93, 164. Formerly a chamberlain at the Caliph's palace, he converted to Sufism and became a follower of alJunayd, whose teachings he later communicated to al-Nasrabadhi. Well-known for his acts of asceticism and renunciation, it is said that he put salt in his eyes to stay awake for his nocturnal devotions. He was also an authority on the Malikite school of law. His tomb at Baghdad is still venerated.
(Qushayri, i. 159-60; Sulami, 340-55; Hujwiri, 155-6; Tarikh Baghdad, xtv. 389-97; El, iv. 360-1 [L. Massignon];
Dermenghem, 201-30.)
SILA IBN ASHYAM al-`Adawi (d. 76 [695/6])-too. A Follower (tab(() of Basra who fought in the conquest of Sijistan and Ghazna, where he was killed. He was known for his gentle sermons and advice. (Abu Nu`aym, II. 237-42; Mashahir, 89; . Bidaya, ix. I5.)
AL-SUDDI-33. Two men with this nisba are commonly recorded: (i) Ismail ibn `Abd al-Rahman, 'al-Suddi al-Kabir' (d.
127 1744/5]), an exegete of Kufa (Mashahir, III; Siyar, V. 264:
GAS. 1. 32-3); (ii) Muhammad ibn Marwan, 'al-Suddi al-Saghir' an early traditionist of Kufa who lived in Baghdad and taught alAsma i. (Tarikh Bag dad, III. 291-3; Siyar, V. 265.)
SUFYAN-1o3, 146. See next notice.
SUFYAN AL-THAWRT, ibn Said (d. 161 [777/8])-162, 163,
164, 166, 168. A scholar and well-known saint of Kufa, of whom a great number of anecdotes are recorded. He was one of the 'Eight Ascetics,' who included (usual list) `Amir ibn `Abd Qays, Abu Muslim al-Khawlani, Uways al-Qarani, al-Rabi ibn Khuthaym, al-Aswad ibn Yazid, Masruq, and al-Hasan al-Basri. It is said that he was offered high office under the Umayyads but
consistently declined. (Fihrist, 225; Abu Nu`aym, V1. 356-93, VH. 3-144; EI, 1v. 500-2 [M. Plessner].)
SUFYAN IBN `UYAYNA-157. See 'Ibn `Uyayna'.
SUHAYB ibn Sinan, 'al-Rum!' (d. c 38 1658/91)-251. An Arab
from the Mosul region captured and enslaved as a child by Byzantine raiders. He was brought up in the Byzantine empire, and then taken to Mecca and sold. Here he joined the new Muslim community at the house of al-Argam, and was persecuted for his faith until he made the Emigration to Medina in the
company of `Ali. (Safadi, xvt. 335-8; Isaba, n. 188-9; Abu Nu'aym, 1. 151-6.)
SUHAYM-33. Possibly a reference to Suhaym al-Madani, a reputable traditionist who studied under Abu Hurayra and taught Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri. (Kashif, 1. 274; Talldhib al- Fahdhib, III. 454.)
SULAYMAN IBN `ABD AL-MALIK (regn. 97-99 [715-'7])21. An Umayyad caliph remembered for his gluttony and licentiousness.
SULAYMAN IBN SUHAYM al-Madani-114. A traditionist who taught Ibn `Uyayna; some of his hadiths are to be found in
Appendix
the collection of Muslim. He died during the reign of al-Mansur. (Kashif, 1. 314; Tab(in, I. 95; Tahdhib al-Tahdhib, 1v. 193.)
AL-SUNABIHI, `Abd al-Rahman al-Mur5d (d. 70-80 [689/90-699/700])-256. A Yemenite who went to Medina to meet the Prophet but who arrived five days after his death. He later moved to Syria, where he gained the confidence and respect of the caliph `Abd al-Malik. (Mashahir, I II; Abu Nu`aym, v. 129-31; Kashif, H. 157.)	-
TALHA ibn `Ubayd Allah al-Qurashi (d. 36 [656-7])-8o. One of the ten Companions assured of Paradise by the Prophet; called 'one of the pillars of Islam' by `Umar. He distinguished himself at the Battle of Uhud, where he personally defended the Prophet. One of the six men chosen to elect `Umar's successor, he was killed at the Battle of the Camel at the age of 64. His grave is still visited at Basra. (Isaba, II. 220-2; Mashahir, 7.)
THABIT AL-BUNANT, ibn Aslam (d. 127 [744/5])-49, 98, 104. A Follower (tabi`i) of Basra who kept the company of Anas ibn Malik for forty years. One of the 'Weepers', he was much given to prayer and other devotional acts. A number of hadiths are related on his authority. (Tahdhib al- Tahdhib, II. 2-4; Mashahir, 89; Abu Nu`aym, II. 318-33.)
THAWBAN ibn Yuhdad (d. 54 [673/4])-218, 242. A slave purchased and freed by the Prophet, whom he served until the latter's death. He later removed to Hims, where he died. The hadith collection of Muslim contains material given on his authority. (Isaba, 1. 205; Mashahir, 5o; Kashif, I. I i9.)
AL-THAWRI-18, 19, 23, 164. See 'Sufyan al-Thawri.'
THUMAMA IBN HAZN AL-QUSHAYRI-82. A companion of the caliph `Umar, from whom he related a number of hadiths; later he moved to Basra. (Tahdhib al-Tahdhib, II. 27; Safadi, xi. 18; Mashahir, 92.)
`UBADA IBN AL-SAMIT al-Khazraji (d. c 34 [654/5])-256. An early convert who took part in the battle of Badr. In later years he participated in the conquest of Egypt, and was made the first gadf of Palestine by the caliph `Umar. (Isaba, II. 260-I; Mashahfr, 51.)
`UBAYD ALLAH-48. Unidentified.
`UBAYD IBN `UMAYR al-Laythi (d. 74 [693/41)-132,133. A respected traditionist of Mecca who taught the exegesis of the Qur'an to Mujahid. He is said to have been unusually thin as a consequence of much fasting and self-denial. (Mashahfr, 82; Abu Nucaym, 111. 266-279; Ghaya, 1. 496-7.)
`UKASHA (or 'UKKASHA) ibn Mihsan al-Asadi (d. 12 [633])-259. An early convert who fought at Badr. He was killed in the ridda wars during the caliphate of Abu Bakr. (Isaba, ii. 487-8; Abu Nu`aym, 11. 12-13; Mashahfr, 16.)
`UMAR IBN `ABD AL-`AZIZ ibn Marwan (regn. 99-ioi [71720])-I1, 12, 14, 20, 22, 24, 87-8, 102, 104, 118, 158, 218, 260. Sometimes called `the fifth rightly-guided Caliph' for his piety, he was concerned to implement the shari a in a number of neglected areas, such as the equal treatment of converts; he also ended the public cursing of `All from the pulpits. A large body of sermons and anecdotes connected with him soon found its way into religious literature.
`UMAR IBN DHARR al-Hamadhani (d. c 156 [772/3])-99, 110. A respected traditionist of Kufa, and a companion of Sufyan ibn `Uyayna. A number of fine prayers for forgiveness are ascribed to him. He is said to have been a member of the Murji'ite sect. (Tahdhfb al-Tahdhfb, vii. 444; Abu Nu`aym, v. 108-19; Kashif II. 269.)
`UMAR IBN AL-KHATTAB (regn. 13-23 [634-44])-34, 42, 48, 64, 68, 72, 77-81, 101, 145, 156, 163, 218, 237. At first an enemy of the Prophet's mission, he became one of its staunchest defenders. His daughter Hafsa married the Prophet after the Emigration. When he succeeded Abu Bakr as caliph, he showed considerable brilliance in the face of the new circumstances arising as a result of the conquests, regulating the status of minorities, arranging a military pensions system and founding a number of garrison towns (amsar). He was universally respected for his integrity and uncompromising devotion to the faith. (Isaba, 11. 5I1-2; Isti ab, IL 450-66; SEI, 6oo-i [G. Levi della Vida].)
UMM KULTHOM bint `All-68, 83. The daughter of `All and Fatima, she was born during the lifetime of the Prophet. She was married first to `Umar ibn al-Khattab, and later on to a son of Ja`far ibn Abi Talib. (Isaba, IV. 468-9; Isti ab, IV. 467-9.)
UMM HARON-12. Unidentified; said by Zablid (x. 232) to have been a Sufi.
UMM AL-MUNDHIR bint Qays al-Ansariya-i5. A Muslim woman of Medina and a Companion of the Prophet. A number of hadfths are given on her authority in the collections of Abu Daud and al-Tirmidh-i. (Kashif, Ill. 444; Isaba, IV. 477.)
`UQBA IBN `AMIR alJuhan? (d. 58 [677/8])-181. A Companion who led a campaign for the Prophet and was present at the battle of Tabuk. He later became governor of Egypt, where he is said to be buried. (Mashahfr, 55; Kashif, II. 237.)
USAMA IBN ZAYD ibn Haritha (d. 54 [673/4])-16, 246. Described by the Prophet as the most beloved of his Companions, he was set in charge of an expedition to Syria, preparations for which began during the Prophet's final illness. He later moved to Damascus. (Mashdhfr, II; Kashif, 1. 57; Isaba, 1. 46.)
USAYD IBN HUDAYR al-Ashhali (d. C 20 [64o/I])-97. One of the seven Medinese Muslims present at the first `Agaba pledge, he was severely wounded at the battle of Uhud. A number of hadiths on his authority are extant. (Isaba, 1. 64; Kashif, 1. 82.)
`UTBA AL-GHULAM, ibn Aban (d. c 153 [770/i])-165, 167. An ascetic of Basra, where he associated with al-Hasan al-Basri. It is said that he received a dream in which he was told that he would gain martyrdom; he later travelled to northern Syria where he was attached to the garrison of a frontier fortress, and shortly afterwards was killed in a cavalry sortie near Adana. (Bidaya, x. i5o; Abu Nu`aym, VI. 226-38.)
`UTHMAN ibn `Af-aan ibn Abi'l `As ibn Umayya (regn. 23-35 [644-56])-48, 68, 69, 8o, 81-3, 101, 164. A wealthy merchant who became a Muslim before the Emigration. He became known as 'Dhu'l-Nurayn'-'the man of the two lights' because he married two of the Prophet's daughters: firstly Rugayya, and then, after her death, Umm Kulthum. During the latter years of his caliphate he was accused of nepotism, a charge which brought about his murder by a group of dissidents from Egypt, who beseiged his house, it is said, for forty-nine days, and then stormed it and stabbed him to death while he was reading the Qur'an. (SEI, 615-7 [G. Levi della Vida]; Mashahir, 5-6; Isaba, ii.
455-6.)
UWAYS AL-QARANT, ibn `Amir al-Muradi (d. 37? [657?1)167. A Yemeni, who although he never met the Prophet, was mentioned and praised by him, and was promised that he would exercise a special intercession for the believers on the Day of Judgement. Safadi tells us that 'most of his discourses concern the remembrance of death'. (Safadi, Ix. 456-7; Abu Nu`aym, 11. 7987; Mashahir, loo; lbn Marthad, 71-4.)
WAHB IBN MUNABBIH, ibn Kamil (d. c 110 [728/9])-21, 51. A Yemeni. sage possibly of Persian origin, who is said to have prayed all night for forty consecutive years. A number of sermons are ascribed to him, which make considerable use of Jewish lore. He was made a judge during the reign of `Umar II. (Tahdhib al-Tahdhib, x1. 166; Abu Nu`aym, Iv. 23-82; Mashahir, 122-3.)	-	-
WARAQA' IBN BISHR AL-HADRAMI-I67. Unidentified.
AL-WASITI, Muhammad ibn Musa (d. c 320 [932])-92. A Sufi who associated with al Junayd and al-Nuri at Baghdad, and who later moved to Merv, where he died. He was also an authority on fiqh. (Qu5hayri, 1. 15I-2; Sulami, 302-7.)
WATHILA IBN AL-ASQA` al-Laythi (d. c 85 [704])-49. A
Companion of the Prophet, and one of the ahl al-Suffa. He took part in the Tabuk expedition and in due course moved to Syria, where he narrated hadiths to Makhul. (chaya, 11. 358; Kashif, in. 204; Mashahir, 51; Abu Nu`aym, 11. 21-3.)	_
WUHAYB ibn al-Ward al-Makki (d. c 153 [77o/I])-45. A hadith scholar who spent his life in mortification and worship, and to whom a number of miracles are attributed. He taught Ibn `Uyayna and Ibn al-Mubarak, and a few hadiths are given on his authority by Muslim and al-Tirmidhi. (Abu Nu`aym, v11I. 14062; Mashahir, 148; Massignon, Essai, 169; Kashif, III. 216.)
YAHYA IBN ABT KATHTR (d. 129 [746/7])-246. A mawla of Tayyi'; an ascetic and a traditionist of the Yemen. (Kashif, 111. 233; Abu Nu`aym, 11I. 66-75; Bidaya, x. 34.)
YAHYA IBN MU`ADH al-Razi (d. 258 [871/2])-103, 249. A Sufi who taught in Central Asia. One of the first to teach Sufism in mosques, he left a number of books and sayings. Despite the emphasis he placed on raja': the hope for Paradise and for God's forgiveness, he was renowned for his perseverence in worship and his great scrupulousness in matters of religion. (Abu Nu`aym, x. 51-70; Sulami, 98-104; Fihrist, 184; GAS, 1. 644; Hujwiri, 122-3; Massignon, Essai, 268-72.)
YA`LA IBN AL-WALID-128. Unidentified.
YAZID ibn Mu awiya (regn. 60-3 [68o-3])-86. The second caliph of the Umayyad dynasty, he sent the army which killed the Prophet's grandson al-Husayn.
YAZTD IBN MADH`UR-161. Unidentified.
YAZID IBN NA`AMA al-Dabbi-167. A Follower (tabi`i) who studied hadith under Anas ibn Malik. (Kashif, 111. 251; Zabidi, x. 439)
YAZID AL-RUQASHI, ibn Aban (d. c IIS [733/4])-54, 103, 134. A traditionist and judge who taught Salih al-Murri. One of the 'Weepers', he abandoned his studies to devote himself to
worship. (Kashif, III. 240; Du`afa', 253; Abu Nu`aym, III. 50-5; Tahdlub al-Tahdhib, X1. 309.)
YOSUF IBN AS BAT al-Shaybani (d. 196 [811/2))-94. Doniinated by the fear of God and of the Judgement, he influenced Bishr al-Hafi. He also related a number of hadiths from al-Thawri. (Abu Nu`aym, vul. 237-53; Zabidi, x. 343.)
YUSUF IBN AL-HUSAYN al-Razi (d. 304 [916/7])-159. A disciple of Dhu'I-Nun al-Misri and an associate of al-Kharraz, he is remembered for the emphasis he laid upon sincerity: 'That I should meet God with every sin', he is represented as saying, `would be preferable to me than to meet him with an atom's weight of affectation'. (Qushayri, 1. 158; Sulami, 175-82; Tarikh Baghdad, xiv. 314-9; Hujwiri, 136.)
ZAYD IBN ARQAM al-KhazrajY (d. c 65 [684/5])-243. A Companion of the Prophet and a close associate of `All, for whom he fought at Siffin. Thirteen of his hadiths are to be found in the collections of al-Bukhari and Muslim. (Isaba, 1. 542; Mashahir, 47.)
ZAYD IBN ASLAM al-`Adawi al-Tusi (d. 136 [753/4])-41, 110, 229. A respected traditionist and jurist who is said to have taught Malik ibn Anas. A number of sayings on raja', hope for God's forgiveness, are ascribed to him. (Mashahir, 8o; Abu Nu`aym, 111. 221-9; Ghaya, 1. 296.)
ZAYD IBN HARITHA al-Ka`bi (d. 816291)-248. A very early convert to Islam, given as a slave by Khadija to the Prophet, who set him free. So close was he to him that he was called 'Zayd ibn Muhammad.' He died leading the Muslim army at Mu'ta. (Isaba, 1. 545-6.)
ZAYD IBN THABIT al-Khazraji (d. 45 [665/6])-16. A Companion who joined Islam at the age of eleven. He was one of those that wrote down the verses of the Qur'an as these were revealed. (Isaba, 1. 543-4; Mashahir, io.)
ZAYNAB bint Muhammad (d. 8 [629/30])-146, 150. The eldest of the Prophet's daughters, she was married to her cousin Abu'l-`As[iJ ibn al-Rabi, and came to Medina after the battle of Badr. Her daughter Umama married `Ali after the death of Fatima. (SEI, 653 [V. Vacca]; Isaba, IV. 306; Isti ab, 304-5.)
ZUBAYDA bint Ja`far ibn Mansur (d. 216 [831/2])-161. Married to Harun al-Rashid in 165 AH, she became the best known of the Abbasid princesses. It is said that her palace 'sounded like a beehive' because she employed as maids a hundred women who had memorised the Qur'an. She is particularly remembered for the donations she made to the ulema and to the poor, and for the improvements she effected to the road from Iraq to Mecca and Medina, which was renamed the 'Zubayda Road' in her honour. (Safadi, XIV. 176-8; Tarikh Baghdad, xtv. 433-4; Bidaya, X. 271.)
AL-ZUBAYR ibn al-`Awwam (d. 35 [655/6])-8o, 202. One of the ten Companions who were guaranteed salvation. Perhaps the fifth convert to Islam, he was a cousin of the Prophet, who called him his 'apostle' (hawari. His grave is said to be in the vicinity of Basra. (Isaba, 1. 526-8; SEI, 66o--I [A. Wensinck].)
ZURARA IBN ABI AWFA al-`Amiri (d. 93 [711/2])-19, 161. A judge at Basra and a respected traditionist. He was renowned for his fear of Hell and the Resurrection: it is said that he once acted as Imam for the dawn prayer at Basra, and that when he reached the verse When the Trumpet shall sound he fell dead from fright. (Mashahir, 95; Abu Nucaym, 11. 258-61; Kashif, 1. 250.)